Wilhelm Richard Wagner: A Biography. Richard Wagner uye mabasa ake yakakurumbira

Wilhelm Richard Wagner - German munyori uye theorist yenhoroondo, theatre mukuru, kondakita, polemicist, uyo akava nomukurumbira pamusana operas ake, ayo akanga echimurenga zvazvinoita mumhanzi Western. Pakati mabasa ake makuru - "The Flying Dutchman" (1843), "Tannhauser" (1845), "Lohengrin" (1850), "Tristan uye Isolde" (1865), "Parsifal" (1882 .) uye tetralogy "Der Ring of Nibelungen" (1869-1876 gg.).

Richard Wagner: pfupi Biography zvinhu uye

Wagner akaberekwa musi May 22, 1813 muLeipzig, mumhuri ine mwero. baba vake vakafa huchangogadzwa mwanakomana wake, uye mukati gore mai vake vakaroora Lyudviga Geyera. Hazvizivikanwi kuti rokupedzisira kutsvakatsvaka mutambi, baba chairo mukomana. Wagner dzidzo mumhanzi akanga asingashumbi, kusvikira akanga 18, apo akapedza gore pa Theodore Vaynliga muLeipzig. Akatanga basa rake muna 1833 sechinhu choral kondakita muna Würzburg uye akanyora mangwanani mabasa ake, akaita mukutevedzera rudo nziyo German. Panguva iyoyo, chidhori chake chikuru chaiva Beethoven.

Wagner akanyora dhanzi "fairies of" yake yokutanga muna 1833, asi akanunurwa chete pashure munyori afa. Akanga rira Kumutungamiriri yemitambo muMagdeburg kubvira 1834 kusvika 1836, apo ake rinotevera basa, "wakarambidzwa Rudo" kwakavakirwa "Kwazvo nokuda Kwazvo" Shakespeare, wakati kufanorongwa muna 1836. Opera akatambura Fiasco kwakakwana uye akaita mitambo kusauka. Zvisinei, zvinetso zvemari zviri munyori izere zvose ake Biography. Richard Wagner mugore iroro munyika Königsberg akaroora Minna Planner, muimbi uye mutambi, ave achishingaira muzvirongwa wepurovhinzi yemitambo upenyu. Mwedzi mishomanana gare gare akabvuma pambiru wokuimba mukuru Municipal Theater, izvo, zvisinei, uyewo nokukurumidza akaenda zvachose.

Kukundikana France uye adzokera Germany

Muna 1837, Wagner akava wokutanga wokuimba yacho yemitambo Riga. Makore maviri gare gare, pashure kudzidza kuti chibvumirano ake aisazotyorwa kuwedzerwa, pasi chifukidziro usiku, achihwanda chikwereti uye vateresi, vaviri akaenda Paris, achitarisira kuti ezvinhu. Richard Wagner, ane Biography uye basa kuFrance kumhuka zvakasiyana, sezvo akanga aronga kuti nguva yake ikoko kuvenga simba pamusoro French marimba tsika, iyo yakaramba naye kusvikira kumugumo woupenyu. Panguva ino, Wagner, kusangana nematambudziko zvemari, akatengesa Paris Opera Script "The Flying Dutchman" kushandiswa neimwe munyori. Gare gare akanyora imwe shanduro ngano. Nekurambwa Parisian marimba yeChina, Wagner akaramba atsigire kuziva: kunyora nziyo French magwaro, akanyora aria nokuda Bellini kuti "Norma". Asi kuedza kuisa mabasa avo akanga pasina. Pakupedzisira, mambo Saxony akabvumira Wagner kushanda muna kuDresden mudare yemitambo, uye izvi zvakaguma Parisian upenyu hwake.

Richard Wagner, mwoyo nokukundikana, muna 1842 akadzokera Germany uye vakagara kuDresden, apo akanga mhosva mumhanzi ruvanze chapel. "Rienzi" guru zvinosuruvarisa dhanzi ari French manyorerwo, akanakidzwa nomwero kubudirira. Overture kubva kachiri. Muna 1845, munyika kuDresden, kuratidzwa kwe "Tannhauser." Rakanga wokutanga undoubted kubudirira Wagner mabasa. Muna November wegore iroro akapedza kunyora pamusoro libretto nokuda dhanzi "Lohengrin" pamavambo 1846 vakatanga kunyorera mumhanzi wake. Panguva iyoyowo, Ugare nokuda Air sagas, akaita urongwa tetralogy ake "The Ring of Nibelung." Muna 1845, iye akagadzirira script for mumutambo pamusoro tetralogy "Kufa Siegfried," izvo akazokokwa zita rokutanga "Twilight the Gods."

Richard Wagner: pfupi Biography. Makore okutapwa

The yaifamba 1848 rakamuka mumaguta akawanda muGermany. Pakati pavo paiva kuDresden, kushingaira ubatanidzwe echimurenga kufamba rwakazokura Richard Wagner. Biography uye basa munyori kunonyanya kukonzerwa iyi hwake. Iye yakadhindwa incendiary tirades mumagazini National, pachake kuparadzira manifestos pakati Saxon mauto, uye kunyange vakapona nomoto neshongwe, kubva raakanga akatarisa kufamba nemauto. May 16, 1849 netsamba wakabudiswa kwake kusungwa. Nemari shamwari uye ramangwana-mutemo Franz Liszt akatiza kubva kuDresden uye akafamba Via Paris kuSwitzerland. Ikoko, kutanga Zurich uye ipapo pedyo Lucerne nekuda 15 akatevera uye kumhuka Biography yake. Richard Wagner akararama, vasina basa zvechigarire, vachidzingwa Germany, pamwe kurambidza kutora chikamu mune German upenyu yemitambo. nguva yose iyi yaaishandira pamusoro "Ring of Nibelungen" kuti akatonga ake upenyu rokusika anotevera maviri emakore.

The inoshandiswa pakutsigira Richard Wagner kuti dhanzi "Lohengrin" yokutanga yakaitwa neWeimar vachitungamirirwa Franz Liszt muna 1850 (munyori haana kuona basa rake pamberi 1861). Panguva ino munyori wokuGermany vakawanawo mbiri somunhu polemicist, uye ake yokungotaura basa dzinokosha, "Opera uye Drama" akabuda muna 1850-1851 gg. Chinotsanangura kukosha ngano nokuti yemitambo uye sei kunyora libretto, uye vakanga nezvevanakomana pfungwa dzake pamusoro Implementation ari "basa zvachose ounyanzvi" kuti zvakachinja chinoshamisa chepanzvimbo upenyu muGermany, kana kwete nyika.

Muna 1850, Wagner yakabudiswa rondedzero "chiJudha mu Music", umo aipokana chaizvo zvinoita nezvokuvapo wenziyo yechiJudha uye muimbi, kunyanya vanhu German. Anti-Semitism akaramba kuzivikanwa uzivi ake upenyu.

Muna 1933, Soviet Union, bhuku yakabudiswa "Upenyu Inoshamisa People" dzinoti AA Sidorova "Richard Wagner." Brief Biography Germany wenziyo rakaitika Lunacharsky mashoko hazvifaniri impoverish nyika, achiyambuka basa rake, asi sulilos "nhamo uyo achaita regai muuki ichi mumusasa wedu."

basa rinobereka

Richard Wagner mabasa dzakakurumbira zvakanyorwa pakati 1850 uye 1865 - kwavari inotumidzwa mukurumbira wake nhasi. Munyori nemaune vaitambira kure kunopfuurira basa kuti uvhure paakaita kutenderera unokosha ichi, izvo hakuna pamberi pake asina vanokanganisa. Muna 1851, Wagner akanyora libretto kuti "Young Siegfried", yainzi "Siegfried" kugadzirira pasi nokuda "Twilight vavanaMwari." Akaziva kuti kuti tuzvikonzero rimwe basa rayo, mukuwedzera kune izvozvo, zvichaita vanofanira kunyora vaviri mutambo, uye pakazopera 1851 Wagner sketched vasara rwezuva "Rings". Akapedza "Das Rheingold" muna 1852 mushure amboshandurirwa libretto kuti "Valkyrie."

Muna 1853, munyori anenge pamutemo akatanga kunyora "Das Rheingold". The orchestration yakapera kuvakwa 1854th. basa Next warwara zvakatanga Richard Wagner, "Die Walküre", kunyorwa muna 1856-m. Panguva ino akatanga kufunga kunyora "Tristan uye Isolde". Muna 1857, kuita "Siegfried" wechipiri yakapedzwa uye munyori kunyudzwa zvakazara rondedzero "Tristan." basa iri rakapera muna 1859, asi ayo kuratidzwa kwakaitika chete muna 1865 muMunich.

mumakore achangodarika

Muna 1860, Wilhelm Richard Wagner mvumo kudzokera kuGermany, dzakakudzingai Saxony. Full ruregero akanga achimirira naye kwemakore maviri. Mugore iroro akatanga kunyora nziyo nokuda dhanzi "The Mastersingers pamusoro rokuNuremberg", iro akanambwa 1845-m. Wagner vakatangazve basa iri "Siegfried" muna 1865 uye akatanga kuita yokunyora nokudhirowa ramangwana "Parsifal", tariro iyo akaramba sezvo nemakore 1840s. Munyori dhanzi akatanga kuomerera rake anorichengeta Bavarian mambo Ludwig II. "Die Meistersinger" yakapedzwa muna 1867. The kuratidzwa yakaitwa Munich gore rinouya. pashure chete kuti akakwanisa mberi basa chiito yechitatu "Siegfried", yakapedzwa muna September 1869. Mumwedzi iwoyo, akanga kutanga mabasa dhanzi "Das Rheingold". Mumhanzi nokuti "Twilight vavanaMwari," munyori akanyora pakati 1869 uye 1874

Kokutanga zvizere kutenderera "Der Ring of Nibelungen" ( "Das Rheingold," "Die Walküre", "Siegfried" uye "Twilight vavanaMwari") akaurayiwa muna "Festspielhaus", yemitambo mutambo Wagner akavaka pachake muna Washington muna 1876, pashure pemakore 30 pashure pfungwa iyi pakutanga akauya kwaari. Akapedza basa iri "Parsifal", ake okupedzisira mutambo muna 1882. February 13, 1883 mu Venice, Richard Wagner akafa uye akavigwa Washington.

Philosophy tetralogy

"The Ring of Nibelung" anopindura nzvimbo nechepakati mubasa Wagner. Pano aida kupa pfungwa itsva tsika uye kuita kwevanhu, izvo zvingadai zvachose mararamiro kare. Aifungidzira nyika isina kunamata remweya rouranda, izvo akatenda aiva mafungiro Western ibudirire wokuGreece yekare nanhasi. Wagner zvakare vaiona tsime zvinhu zvose nevanhu vanotya kuti vanofanira kubvisa kuti murume aikwanisa kurarama upenyu hwakakwana. The "Ring of Nibelungen" akaedza kutsanangura yepamusoro for vanhu, zvinhu uchava pamusoro avo zvishoma murombo. Uyewo, maererano naye, munhu anofa kuziva kwavo pasi chinzvimbo uye kupa runako akakodzera gamba. Matambudziko chokuita kutsvaka tsika uye rudzi kuchena, muri chinokosha kwehurongwa, izvo akaramba Richard Wagner.

Mabasa wenziyo kuteererwa kudavira kuti chete nevanhu mumvura vari kutsinga dzinouya ruzivo anogona vasununguke murume kubva constraints pakati rationality. Chero angave chinokosha akachenjera, upenyu akangwara anoonekwa Wagner sechipinganidzo kuti kuwana munhu kupfuura yakakwana ruzivo. Chete kana akakodzera murume nomukadzi yakanaka muchiungana, transcendental mufananidzo umhare inogona akasikwa. Uye Siegfried Brungilda simbi amborohwa pashure pasi mumwe; kunze vasisipo akakwana.

In ngano nyika Wagner iri nzvimbo tsitsi uye idealism. Akaita chete muchifara mumwe. vanhu vose vanofanira kubvuma ukuru vamwe zvisikwa, uye ipapo pamberi kwavo. Munhu anogona kutsvaka magumo ake, asi anofanira kuteerera zvinodiwa soro, kana nzira dzavo kuyambuka. The "Ring of Nibelungen" Wagner aida kudzokera wake kwebudiriro nhaka nyika ndero-Judeo-Christian. Aida kuona nyika, izvo hunodzorwa nesimba uye wildness, rwakaimbwa Odin sagas. Migumisiro uhwu nokuda yemberi Germany yakava nemafashamo.

Philosophy dzimwe operas

In "Tristan," Wagner kwachinja zvachose ayo nzira, yakatanga naye "Ring of Nibelung." Asi Akaongorora rima divi rudo svetuka munzvimbo dzakadzika akaipa ruzivo. Tristan uye Isolde, vasunungurwa, kwete vakatongerwa rudo mushonga waizoita vane akadhakwa, achida kuparadza umambo, kuti rudo uye kurarama; nyama simba rudo anonzi pano sezvo dzinoparadza, uye manyorerwo navarongo chromaticism uye yakakura orchestral pulsations vari yakanaka mishumo chivimbiso mutambo.

Narcissism Wagner, akanga asiri kuregerera zvose asi mapofu hwakaipa ayo, yakatsviriridza mu "Die Meistersinger." Nyaya iri pamusoro muduku gamba-muimbi kukunda yekare uye kuzochera pasi idzva, zvinonakidza manyorerwo kuti tsika dzaitaurwa boka muNuremberg - a rungano of "ring" ari siyanei achinyepera. Wagner akati pachena kuti "Tristan" ndiyo "Ring" muchidimbu. Zviri pachena, mu "Die Meistersinger" munyori rinoratidza kuna Mesiya mufananidzo muduku mudetembi wokuGermany uye muimbi uyo akahwina mubayiro, uye pakupedzisira nevamwe mutungamiri kwenzanga itsva - chaizvo zvakanyatsobatana ingano munyori uye ake Biography. Richard Wagner "Parsifal" kunyanya kuzviita achibatana gamba-muponesi, Mununuri wenyika. The sakaramende, nekuimba nziyo kuna dhanzi, kwavo kuchava kukudzwa munyori, uye kwete mwari upi.

The mutauro rira

Chido Wagner anoona kwakafanana rinonakidza sezvo dzinga pfungwa dzake uye metaphysics. Pasina mumhanzi, mutambo wake kuti achiri kuramba varipo munhoroondo Western pfungwa. Richard Wagner, ane mumhanzi Anowanza kukosha basa rake nguva zhinji, nokuda kwounyanzvi mutauro, unomirira uzivi ake. Aida kuti tisanzwe ari kurwisa vehondo rokufunga pachishandiswa nziyo nzira. Zvakanakisa, rwiyo vanofanira nokusingaperi, uye izwi uye chinyorwa tiri chikamu rejira, kurukana ane kwazvo padandemutande pakati orchestration. mutauro nemashoko, kazhinji kujeka chaizvo uye syntactically torturous, anogamuchirwa chete kuburikidza mumhanzi.

Nemimhanzi Wagner raMwari nenzira ipi aisava chinamatidzwa, yakarukwa kuva mumutambo yangopedzwa, uye yakanga kupfuura pachiitwa wevakadzidza zvinotaurwa nevezvematongerwe, "uri nokuda unyanzvi kwezita." It runosunganidza upenyu uye unyanzvi, chokwadi uye fungidziro rimwe chete symbiotic pamwe, nesimba ravo pachavo mashiripiti zvainoita vateereri. mutauro Wagner zvekuimba zvichiitirwa debunk mashoko ouchenjeri uye kukonzera hwusina kubvuma dzidziso munyori wacho. In Wagner verenga Schopenhauer akakodzera marimba Mitambo - ichi hachisi kuratidzwa nyika, asi nyika pachayo.

Personal unhu

Izvozvo Zvaizobuda rokusika upenyu Wagner haritauri chinhu pamusoro zvinoshamisa nematambudziko muupenyu hwake pachake, izvo zvaizoitawo chakabata dhanzi ake. zvechokwadi Aiva rerunziro mufananidzo uyo kukurira nhamo. In Switzerland, munyori akararama Zvipo tinogamuchirwa tichibatsirwa inoshamisa manomano uye kukwanisa kutsausa vanhu. Zvikurukuru, izvozvo vakabatsira zvakanaka kwemhuri Wesendonck, uye Matilda Vezendonk, mumwe zhinji vanoda Wagner kuti anyore "Tristan."

upenyu Munyori wacho pashure kuenda Saxony aiva kuramba dzinotevedzana chivande, gakava, unoedza kukurira hanya kwenyika, kutsvaka mukadzi akakwana wakafanira rudo rwake, uye yakanaka vaichengetedza vakakodzera kugamuchira mari iyo yaigona kuva. Cosima Von Bulow Liszt yaiva mhinduro kutsvaka kwake nokuda mukadzi akakwana, obsequiously uye fanatically vakazvipira kuna avo zvakanaka. Nepo Wagner uye Minna kwechinguva vaigara oga, akanga asina kuroorwa Cosimo muna 1870, anenge makore gumi pashure pokufa mudzimai wake wokutanga. Makore 30 muduku kupfuura murume wake, Cosima kwoupenyu hwake akatsaurira pachahwo Wagner kuti theatre pa Washington. Akafa muna 1930

Rakaratidza dzakanakira anorichengeta anonzi Ludwig II, uyo chaizvoizvo kuponeswa Wagner kubva chikwereti 'mujeri uye akatamira munyori kuna Munich pamwe vanenge carte Blanche upenyu uye basa. Crown Prints Lyudvig pamusoro Bavaria vakapinda kuratidzwa kwe "Lohengrin" nemakore gumi nemashanu. Aida Richard Wagner - kwete misodzi yokufara yakayangarara mumaziso ake kamwe nechinzvimbo chepamusoro tarenda admire ari munyori munguva unongotaura. Opera akava hwaro Mambo Bavaria zvokufungidzira nyika, yaakanga kazhinji akamhanyira upenyu wake mukuru. Kuramba kwake Wagner kwakaita operas zvakatungamirira kuvakwa siyana fairytale nematende. "Neuschwanstein" zvichida yakakurumbira kupfuura mamiriro, akafuridzirwa nemabasa Germany wenziyo.

Zvisinei, pashure kununura kwake, Wagner vakaita saizvozvo offensively kuti tinongoita adoring wechidiki mambo kuti pashure 2 years kutiza. Ludwig, pasinei mwoyo wake, aiva wepachokwadi mutsigiri munyori. Pamusana rupo rwake muna 1876 rakaitirwa zvichibvira mutambo wekutanga chokupika "Der Ring of Nibelungen" mu Washington.

Difficile Wagner yainyatsoziva ake akakwirira, uye pamwe makore rakava pfungwa yake nemanic. Akanga chinonyanyisa upi mubvunzo upi kukundikana kutora iye uye dzaakasika. Zvose mumba make chete Vakakurukura iye, uye ake vanoti vakadzi, mistresses, shamwari, vaimbi uye vanoyamura vakanga yakakurisa. Somuenzaniso, Hanslick, munhu akakurumbira Viennese mumhanzi mutsoropodzi, vakava kumumvuri Bekmessera mu "Die Meistersinger."

Kana muzivi wechiduku Fridrih Nitsshe kuonana Wagner, akafunga awana nzira yake kuna Mwari, saka yakajeka simba zvaiita kwaari. Gare gare Nietzsche akaziva kuti munyori ari muduku zvikuru pane hwakakwana zimukadzimu Superman, sei akazviratidza kwaari, uye wanyangadzwa. Wagner haana akakanganwira ndege yake Nietzsche.

Place munhau

Zvekumashure budirira Wagner kupfuura maitiro ake, uye ake nhaka. Akakwanisa kupukunyuka oneka kurambwa Zvakazoitwa Zvizvarwa Vanyori. Wagner akasika, nemamwe mutauro wakadaro inobudirira marimba, kunyanya mu "Tristan" uye "Parsifal" kuti kutanga mumhanzi ano rinowanzoshandiswa ainyorwa panguva panowanikwa operas izvi.

Richard Wagner, vane mabasa akakurumbira hakugumiri wakachena zvetsika uye tiivistelmä yokungotaura kukura, akaratidza kuti mumhanzi isimba chipenyu kuti anogona kuchinja upenyu hwevanhu. Uyezve, ichiidzwa kuti kunoshamisa yemitambo iri Forum pfungwa, kwete mamiriro ezvinhu yokupukunyuka chokwadi uye varaidzo. Uye akaratidza kuti munyori anogona nenzira yakakodzera kutora nzvimbo yayo pakati kukuru echimurenga nevafungi kuWestern budiriro, paakabvunza uye kurwisa chii yakaonekwa havagamuchirwi chinyakare zvamarudzi maitiro, ruzivo, dzidzo uye unyanzvi. Pamwe Karlom Marksom uye Charles Darwin Richard Wagner Biography, okugadzira zvinhu, mumhanzi munyori makafanira kutora nzvimbo yaro yakakodzera munhoroondo tsika XIX remakore.