The Indo-European mutauro mhuri: mavambo pfungwa

Nyanzvi dzemitauro kudzidza kwakabva ichi kana mutauro kuti anobvumira kuzotonga dhigirii ukama vemunyika dzakasiyana. Mumwe anogona kurerutsa tsvakurudzo iyi, nekuti dzimwe nguva muupenyu kuongorora kunoratidza zvakavanzika zvakavanzika vanhu, vari zvikuru. Uyezve, somugumisiro kuferefeta kwakabva mitauro munyika zvikuru uchapupu kuratidza kuti zvose zvokurarama yokukurukurirana kutora kwakatangira kubva pakutanga. Pane akasiyana neshanduro nezvemavambo imwe mitauro boka. Funga midzi ane Indo-European mutauro mhuri.

Chii chinobatanidzwa mu pfungwa iyi?

Mhuri mitauro Indo-European pachena nyanzvi mitauro pahwaro kufanana kukuru, kufanana misimboti, rikaratidzwa ne kare nzira kuenzaniswa. Raisanganisira vanenge 200 mupenyu uye nzira akafa yokukurukurirana. Izvi mhuri mutauro raimiririra vatakuri, uwandu rinopfuura pfungwa pa mabhiriyoni 2,5. Zvisinei, kutaura kwavo hakungoitwi kutsanangurwa weHurumende, zviri yapararira pamusoro yose.

Shoko rokuti "Indo-European mhuri mitauro" wakatangwa muna 1813, mumwe akakurumbira musayendisiti British Thomas Young. Sezvineiwo, yefizikisi British ndiye wokutanga decipher muEgipita akanyorwa pamwe zita Cleopatra.

Hypotheses nezvemavambo

Nokuti kuti Indo-European mhuri mutauro ichaongororwa zvikuru kwakapararira ari panyika, masayendisiti akawanda vari kushamisika pamusoro apo midzi vanohutora inotsigira. Pane maonero akawanda pamusoro kwakabva mitauro ezvinhu, pfupiso anogona achimiririrwa sezvinotevera:

1. Anatolian pfungwa. Uyu ndiwo mumwe shanduro yokutanga Nezvekwakabva proto-mutauro, uye nevakawanda madzitateguru vamiririri Indo-European boka. Its mazhinji Chirungu matongo Colin Renfrew. Iye akataura kuti nzvimbo yechizvarirwo remhuri mitauro chiri nzvimbo uko Turkish kugarwa pakati Çatalhöyük (Anatolia) zvino. Pfungwa kwaibva Zvakawanikwa nesayenzi kuwanikwa nzvimbo ino, uyewo mabasa ake pamusoro kuongorora uchishandisa radiocarbon kuedza. Mutsigiri Anatolian mavambo anoonekwa kuti mumwe musayendisiti British Barri Kanliff, anozivikanwa nokuda basa rake anthropology uye sayenzi yezvinocherwa mumatongo.

2. The kuKurgan pfungwa. Ichi Shanduro akapa Marija Gimbutas, uyo aiva mumwe akakurumbira manhamba mumunda tsika zvidzidzo uye anthropology. Muna 1956, mutsamba yake, izvozvo chinorehwa kuti mhuri Indo-European mutauro dzakatangira vemazuva Russia neUkraine. Version kwaibva pakuti panguva iyoyo yaiva tsika murwi mhando uye Yamna, uye kuti izvi zvinoumba miviri zvishoma nezvishoma rakapararira zvakawanda Eurasia.

3. Balkan pfungwa. Maererano pfungwa iyi, zvinonzi vaidavira kuti madzitateguru Indo-European akagara kumaodzanyemba-kumabvazuva Europe ano. tsika iyi yakatanga munzvimbo muBalkan Peninsula uye waisanganisira yakatarwa zvinhu uye zvokunamata vakasikwa neolithic munguva. Masayendisiti kuisa mberi Shanduro iyi, yakavakirwa kutonga avo mitauro musimboti, maererano izvo "musimboti regiravhiti" (kureva, iyo nzvimbo yechizvarirwo kana source) mutauro yapararira munzvimbo apo pane zvakasiyana-siyana kupfuura nzira yokukurukurirana.

Indo-European boka mhuri mutauro zvinosanganisira vakawanda nzira ano yokukurukurirana. Research vasayendisiti uye nyanzvi dzemitauro nharo commonality netsika, uyewo kuti vanhu vose vane ukama nomumwe. Uye Chikurukuru, chii harufaniri kukanganwika uye chete muchiitiko ichi zvinokwanisika kudzivirira ruvengo uye kusanzwisisa pakati vemarudzi akasiyana.