Polonium 210: hafu-upenyu. Chii kushandiswa polonium 210?

Polonium-210 ari kushamwaridzana chaizvo pachena pamwe nemwaranzi. Uye hazvisi pasina, nokuti ngozi chaizvo.

History yakawanikwa

Kuvapo Its akanga afanotaura muna 1889 na Mendeleev paakasika ake Periodic table yakakurumbira. In tsika, maatomu akafanana ichi vanosvika 84 rave akagamuchira makore mapfumbamwe Papera kuedza Curies, akadzidza chinonakidza nemwaranzi. Maria Sklodowska-Curie akaedza azive mhaka mwaranzi simba chaibwinya kubva zvimwe zvicherwa, uye saka vakatanga kushanda zvishoma mimwe pamatombo, vachivabata zvose zvinowanikwa dzake, unogovera kuva zvikamu zviduku uye kurasa kufanira. Somugumisiro, iye akapiwa fuma itsva, razova chinhu analogue kuti bismuth uye rakavhurika wechitatu radioactive chinhu uranium exchange uye thorium.

Pasinei vakabudirira migumisiro kuedza, Mary akanga asina kukurumidza kutaura kwake kuziva. Spectral pachisara ichiitwa ne wandaiziva Curies haana kupa chikonzero kutaura pamusoro kuwanikwa munhu chinhu chitsva. Kunyange zvakadaro, mune mashoko ari musangano Paris Academy of Sciences muna July 1898 Vaviri yakashuma yekuita okutambirwa rimwe fuma nedzokunze Zvivako nesimbi uye pfungwa kumutumidza polonium vachikudza kwePoland - musha waMaria. Rakanga wokutanga uye chete nguva munhau apo kwakanga yekudyidzana pachena chinhu chava kunzi. Eya, wokutanga kumumvuri akaonekwa chete muna 1910.

Mumuviri makemikari zvivako

Polonium munhu hwakanaka nyoro silvery chena simbi. Ndiye saka radioactive kuti glows murima uye nguva dzose kupopotedzana. Saka kwayo utsotso kunongedzera zvishoma kupfuura kuti gaba - 254 chete Celsius. Metal yava chaizvo oxidized mumhepo. Yakaderera tembiricha anoumba munhu monatomic nyore cubic napamahwindo.

By yaro makemikari ehupfumi kuti polonium riri pedyo chaizvo kuva analogue - tellurium. Uyezve, hunhu waro yeimwe ine mugumisiro mukuru wevakuru nemwaranzi. Saka kuti Maitiro chokuita polonium kunogona kunakidza chaizvo uye vanonakidza, kunyange zvikuru ngozi tichitaura zveutano.

isotopes

sainzi Total pari anoziva 27 (maererano kumwewo - 33) rinoumbwa polonium. Hapana kana mumwe wavo hauna kugadzikana, uye ivo radioactive zvose. Vazhinji inorema isotopes (pamwe mabhomba vakawanda kubva 210 kusvika 218) mune zvishoma zvakawanikwa zvakasikwa, vamwe vanogona chete kurikumbira chakagadzirwa nzira.

Radioactive polonium-210 - zvikuru refu-aigara dzinongoitika siyana. MuRugwaro zvirimo shoma Radium muna uranium exchange ores, uye chakaumbwa nemakomo maitiro kutevedzana kutangira U-238 uye kunogara kwemakore anenge mabhiriyoni 4,5, kana isu kutaura pamusoro hafu-upenyu.

mutambo

Muna 1 tani kuti uranium exchange esimbi rine isotopes kuti polonium-210 iri mari inenge 100 micrograms. Vanogona kuva aikudzwa iri kubudiswa tsvina, asi kuwana zvakawanda kana zvishoma zvinokosha chitsama ichocho aizofanira kubata hombe huwandu zvinhu. A zvikuru nyore uye inoshanda nzira kuti kwetunhu kubudikidza irradiation rwokuzvarwa bismuth pamwe neutrons ari reactor kwenyukireya.

Somugumisiro, kunyange pashure zvimwe kurapa yaunganidzwa polonium-210. Isotopes 208 uye 209 anogona kuwanikwa kana bismuth kana kutungamirira irradiated pamwe wakakurumidza namatanda Arifa nezvimedu, protons kana deuterons.

radioactivity

Polonium-210, uyewo mamwe isotopes, ari Alpha-emitters. Group kwakanyanya uyewo inongorira wegamma mwaranzi. Pasinei nokuti isotope 210 ndiyo chete tsime Arifa nezvimedu, zviri zvikuru ngozi, hazvibviri kutora maoko ako uye kunyange pedyo pedyo kure, kubva up, ruchapinda muruoko aerosol. Zvikuru ngozi sezvo achipinda polonium kufema kana chikafu. Ndokusaka tichishanda nenhumbi ichi rakaitirwa chisimbiso mabhokisi inokosha. Zviri kuziva kuti chinhu ichi iri hafu yezana remakore kare kwave kuwanikwa mashizha fodya. Nguva kuora kuti polonium-210 tichienzanisa nedzimwe isotopes yakakura zvakakwana, asi nokuti anogona kuunganidza mune miti, uye ipapo kunyange zvakawanda zvakaipa utano uchisvuta wacho. Zvisinei, chero kuedza kubvisa nefuma kubva fodya havana kubudirira.

ngozi

Nekuti polonium-210 inongorira Arifa nezvimedu chete, nokuchengeta zvimwe matanho kuti kutya kushanda pamwe rirege kuva. Kureba gwara mafungu idzi kazhinji vanopfuura gumi nevaviri masendimita kunze, vanowanzoita havagoni zvinopfuura ganda.

Zvisinei, kamwe mukati mumuviri, ivo kumukuvadza kukuru. Kana jekiseni muimba ropa rakakurumidza anopararira kune munyama zvose - pashure maminitsi mashoma kuvapo kwake kunogona kuonekwa mune nhengo dzose. Kutanga, zviri aripo netsvo uye chiropa, asi kazhinji zviri zvakaenzana zvakaenzana, uye izvi zvinogona kunzi yayo yakakwirira zvachose lethality.

Polonium toxicity iguru zvokuti kunyange mishonga duku kukonzera chirwere nemwaranzi kurwara, uye rufu zvarwakapinda 6-11 mwedzi. The chikuru nzira kubviswa kubva mumuviri - kuburikidza itsvo nemudumbu. Pane kuvimba nzira kunyorerana. The hafu-upenyu 30 kusvika 50 mazuva.

Netsaona chepfu nokuda polonium zirokwazvo hazviiti. Kuti vawane mari nefuma yakakwana inofanira kuwana reactor yenyukireya uye komberedza imwe isotope ndeimwewo chibayiro. Kuoma kunzwisisa nechirwere zvakare zvinozivikanwa kuti chete Kashoma munhau. Munhu wokutanga anonzi kuti mwanasikana vawana polonium - Irene Joliot-Curie, uyo mukufamba kuferefeta akamedura Kamudzira ane fuma murabhoritari akafa makore 10 gare gare. Mumwe nyaya mbiri kuitika XXI remakore. Wokutanga wavo - the shamisa nyaya Litvinenko, uyo akafa muna 2006, uye wechipiri - rufu Yasser Arafat, umo zvinhu zvisaririra zviri radioactive isotope zvakawanikwa. Zvisinei, munhu zvachose chirwere asina yasimbiswa.

disintegration

Mumwe refu refu zvikuru isotopes, pamwe 208 uye 209, riri polonium-210. The hafu-upenyu (i.e. munguva iyo nhamba radioactive inoramba iri vagovane) vaviri wokutanga ndiye azvaitwa 2,9 uye kwemakore 102, uye pakupedzisira 138 mazuva 9 maawa. Kana mamwe isotopes, hwavo rinowanikwa zvikurukuru maminitsi uye maawa.

The ibatanidzo siyana zvivako zviri polonium-210, zvichiita kuti vakawanda mukana pane akatevedzana kushandiswa munyaya dzakasiyana-siyana zvoupenyu. Ari chaiyo simbi goko, hachigoni kukuvadza utano hwako, asi anokwanisa kupa simba ravo kubatsira vanhu. Saka chii akashandisa polonium-210 nhasi?

ano chikumbiro

Maererano nokumwe kufungidzira, vanenge 95% of kugadzirwa polonium iri kusimbiswa Russia, riri synthesized mugore pamusoro 100 magiramu zviri pfuma, uye zvinenge zvose zviri aivigirwa kuUnited States.

Kune nzvimbo dzinoverengeka umo polonium-210 rinoshandiswa. Kupfuura zvose, chitundumusere-musere ichi. With dzayo duku iri rinokosha somunhu akanaka rine simba uye nokupisa. Pasinei chokwadi kuti inenge ose 5 months, kushanda kwaro ipfupi nehafu, asi kwakanyanya isotopes vari zvikuru anodhura kubereka.

Uyezve, polonium zvachose irreplaceable mu wefizikisi kwenyukireya. Rinoshandiswa chaizvo kudzidza simba Arifa mwaranzi kune zvimwe zvinhu.

Pakupedzisira, imwe munda chikumbiro ndiyo kugadzirwa mano kubvisa kunofambira mberi magetsi kuti bhizimisi uye musha kushandiswa. Zvinoshamisa sei yakadaro chaikosha ane ngozi anogona kuva anenge kitchenware, kuitwa akanyudzwa yakasimba mumuhara.