Ndezvipi zvikamu zvematongerwo enyika zviripo muRussia uye zvinorevei?

Kwemakore makumi maviri namashanu akapfuura, nyika yedu yakave nehuwandu hwemhirizhonga, iyo yakananga zvakananga ramangwana rako remangwana. Chokutanga chazvo ndiko kukoromoka kweU.SR, izvo zvaireva kuputswa kwehurongwa hwose hwehurumende hutungamiri, zvino kuumbwa kwenyika itsva - Russian Federation.

Dambudziko rekutungamirira

Russia yakagara iine hurukuro yakakura, iyo yakagadziriswa yekuita iyo inounza mamwe matambudziko. Umambo hweRussia hwakabatwa pamusana pekutonga kwemasimba eumambo, uyo aitonga kunyange zviduku kudarika pamwe nemichina yebasa rezvematongerwo enyika, ndeye nyika yakawanda iyo inowanzorongedza kuchinja kwehutongi hwemagariro inosanganiswa. Nenguva yekutanga yakaitika mukutonga kwaPeter Mukuru, uyo akaparadzanisa nyika yose yenyika kuenda kunharaunda yakatungamirirwa nehurumende, asi vatungamiriri vematunhu vaizozvidavirirawo kune makoroji chaiwo, saka Tsar akaedza kutumira chirongwa chetatu chekutonga nyika. Zvisinei, dzimwe nzvimbo dzakanga dziri munharaunda yakaenzana nedzimwe nyika dzeEurope, saka, kuwedzera kuwedzera mune mamwe mapurisa kwakaitwa. Nenzira yakawanda, kuchinja kune humwe huwandu hutungamiri hwakarongeka, uye nzvimbo yacho yakakwanisa kukurumidze kutonga nzvimbo dziri kure. Zvisinei, pakanga pasina kujekesa kwakakwana.

Zvakaitika kare

Kururamisa mamiriro acho ezvinhu, Madzimai ari kuita shanduko itsva. Muna 1775, mutemo wakabudiswa kuparadzanisa Russia mu 51 gubernias, iyo yakazoparadzaniswa ikava madunhu. Pamusoro, sepakutanga, akanga ari gavhuna, asi zvimwe zvakanyanya kuchinja zvakaitwa. Nokuda kwekutonga, chigaro chegavhuna-guru chinoshandiswa, icho, nenzira iyo, chakabatana nzvimbo dzakasiyana, kubva muna 1775 kusvikira muna 1917, makumi maviri nevatongi vakuru-vakuru nevatungamiri vehurumende-nzvimbo yeCaucasian vicegerency-yakasikwa. Sezvaunogona kuona, sangano rakadaro rakafanana zvikuru nematare ehurumende yeRussia, ayo maumbirwo ave akave akachinjwa zvakare. Hurumende yaChristine II yakaita izvi kuti kusimbise kutarisira pamusoro pehurumende, kugadza vatongi pasi pesimba uye kuderedza mikana yehurukuro yakakurumbira uye kusagutsikana. Zvechokwadi, izvi zvakanyanyisa kukura kwehutungamiri hwehutungamiri.

Soviet management system

Kuchinja kwa1917 kwakaunza kugadziriswa kwahurumende yenyika. VaBolshevik pakutanga vakatanga kupa maguta uye nzvimbo dziri kure kure nesimba guru. Zvakazoendesa mberi kusvika pakukundwa kwesimba reSoviet mune dzimwe nzvimbo. Achiziva kukanganisa kwayo, SNK yakakurumidza kuchinja mazano uye hurongwa hwehutungamiri hwehurumende. Pakuumba urongwa hweUnited States, hurumende yemitemo yenyika yakashamiswa, asi chaizvoizvo vatongi vose vezvematongerwo enyika vaidzora simba rose, uye kana tikatanidza kuenzanirana neumambo hweRussia, zvinova pachena kuti chimiro hachina kushanduka. Uye zita chete ndiro rakashanduka. Nokudaro, panzvimbo yevabati nevamwe vatongi vematunhu, vanyori vezvematongerwo enyika vakaiswa pamatanho akasiyana, avo vakatsigira rutsigiro rwesimbi mu "nheyo" dzakapiwa kwavari. Dhigirii rekutanga muSoviet nguva yakazosvika apogee uye yaive yakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura hurumende.

Ndezvipi zvikamu zvehurumende zviripo muRussia?

Kuparara kweU.SR uye "pashure pekutonga kwevane simba" kunoisa Russia zvishoma nezvishoma pakuguma kwekuwa. Zvikamu zvizhinji zvehurumende zvakatanga mutemo wavo pachavo, waipesana nemutemo wezvematongerwo enyika, kutungamirirwa kwezvivako kubva kumusha kwakange kwava kusvika zero. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, Mutungamiri weRussia Vladimir Putin akasarudza kumutsidzira hutungamiri hwehurumende nemaitiro akajeka uye akasimba ekugadzirisa. Muna Mbudzi 2000, mutemo weMutungamiriri we "On District Districts" wakateverwa. Pakazara, zviyero zvinomwe zvakasikwa. Ndiwo maitiro akawanda ematunhu eRussia akatanga. Iyi miganhu yakatorwa nekufananidza nekuparadzanisa kwemahofisi eGeneral Prosecutor Office yeRussian Federation. A pachena yakaenzana nhatu yehutungamiri hwekutonga inotanga kuvakwa. Nhamba yezvivako zvehurumende muRussia yakashandura kanopfuura kamwe chete, yakabatanidzwa nezviitiko zvezvematongerwe enyika uye nenzvimbo yekugara. Sangano rekugadzirisa kwekuchinja uku rinomiririrwa nemitemo yakasiyana-siyana yehurumende. Kusarudzwa kwemupiriri wepenipotentiary wepurezidhendi munharaunda yehurumende inogadzirwa nevakuru vehurumende.

Zvikonzero zvezvematongerwe enyika zvekushandura uye hurongwa hwekutonga

Uye ndezvipi zvikamu zvematongerwo enyika muRussia panguva ino, zvakapiwa kuchinja kwechangobva kuitwa (kunyanya, North-Caucasian Federal District yakasarudzwa kubva kuSouth Federal District )? Muna Mbudzi 2014, maererano nezvematongerwe enyika muUkraine uye referendum muCrimea, rimwe dunhu rehurumende rakaumbwa- iCrymsky FD. Nokudaro, isu tinogona kutaura kuti kune zvikamu gumi nematanhatu zvehurumende, inopindura mubvunzo wekuti mangani ematare ehurumende ari muRussia. Zvisikwa zvehurongwa hwakadaro hwemvumo zvakabvumidzwa kusimudzira kutonga kwe federal centre pamusoro pematunhu, pasina kukanganisa mazano ehutano ehurumende, iyo iyo Russian Federation iri pasi peMutemo. Nheyo yepamutemo yekutongwa kweRussia yakaunzwa mukutevedza zvizere nemutemo wehurumende. Zvikamu zvehurumende zveRussia pamepu yenyika zvakasimbiswa mumarudzi akasiyana-siyana, izvo zvinokubvumira kuti uone nokukurumidza chikamu uye zvikamu zvipi zvinosanganiswa mune iri hutungamiri-nharaunda.

Mufananidzo wekupedzisira wehutungamiri-mamiriro ehurumende yeRussian Federation

Takatotanga kuverenga nhamba ye FDS, uye iye zvino tava kuziva kuti zvipi zvematongerwo enyika muRussia zviripo. Uye izvi ndizvo zvazvinoita:

• Central Federal District (Moscow).
• North-West Federal District (St. Petersburg).
• Southern FD (Rostov-on-Don).
• North-Caucasian Federal District (Pyatigorsk).
• Far Eastern Federal District (Khabarovsk).
• Siberian Federal District (Novosibirsk).
• Ural FD (guta reYekaterinburg).
• Privolzhsky Federal District (Nizhny Novgorod).
• Crimean Federal District (Simferopol).

Zvose izvi zvinyorwa zviri pasi pemumiririri ane kodzero yemukuru wehurumende, uyowo ari pasi pepamusoro kumutungamiriri weRussian Federation. Nharaunda yaro inyanzvi inosanganisira kutarisira nekugadzirisa mabasa, iyo iyo michina yakasikwa, iyo yaive nedunhu rakasiyana-siyana mumasangano akasiyana-siyana ane maitiro akasiyana-siyana. Kwemazuva ano zvinogona kutaurwa kuti zvivako zvehurumende zveRussia (kuumbwa kwezvikwata izvi) zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvakasarudzwa nehurumende.