Mavakirwo remakore rechi20: ano mapurani

nguva dzose munhau akapa mukuru chimiro, zvisinei, zviri mavakirwo remakore rechi20 kunoratidzwa ndechokuti zvizivikanwe yasvika dzakakwirira itsva - kubva ichikwira nhurikidzwa dzakawanda kuti nzira itsva nepurani zvivako. Kuvamba yakanga yaitwa pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 mumwe munzvimbo yokutanga, anozivikanwa somunhu modernist uyo ikashandiswa functionalism pamwe aesthetic neururami, asi anoramba mirairo chekare. Akaedza nokubatanidza nheyo zvinokonzera mapurani design, pamwe dzinoitwa nokukurumidza rwokugadzirwa mberi uye mazuvaano kuti nzanga yose zvayo.

Kazhinji, mavakirwo remakore rechi20 - ndiyo misoro sangano akatora chimiro zvakagadzirwa zvikoro zvakawanda, mirayiridzo uye zvakasiyana-siyana siyana. Pakati zvinokosha mazita vanhu vakava vanochinja ari mapurani makanaka uye rwakagadzirira nzira yepakutanga magadzirirwo nokuveza-kumucheto zvakagadzirwa, vanofanira kunzi Le Korbyuze, Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe, Walter Gropius, Frank Lloyd Wright, Luisa Sallivana, Oscar Niemeyer uye Alvar Aalto.

Saka, pakutanga kwezvose, mavakirwo remakore rechi20 anomiririrwa kufamba inozivikanwa mapurani ano, uye kufukidza kubva muna 1900 kusvika 1970-1980 (munyika dzokuEurope uye Russia). Zvinosanganisira nzvimbo dzakawanda (functionalism uye constructivism, brutalism uye rationalism, makemikari mapurani, Bauhaus uye Art deco, dzakawanda werudzii), asi vose mugove zvakafanana maitiro.

Modern akitekicha vakatsvaka kumisa nepurani dzimba munzira ndiwo chaiwo pfungwa uye unokurudzira nzvimbo, mashandiro zveramangwana hurongwa uye zvakavapoteredza. "Form anotevera basa" (mashoko Luisa Sallivana, zvichireva kuti akagadzira pfungwa kunofanira kuvakirwa zvakananga pamusoro chinangwa chadzo yaivakwa chinhu). Somuenzaniso, Frenk Lloyd Rayt aizivikanwa kuti pamasikiro dzimba iye anonyanya nezvatinovavarira kunzvimbo kuenda kuvaka chivakwa. Akati kuti kuva "pamwe nyika," kureva, kuva chinokosha.

mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 mapurani rinosanganisira zvinotevera kunobatanidza zvatariswa nokuti dzataurwa pamusoro apa - iri kushandiswa pakuvaka itsva yemazuva ano yemhando zvokuvakisa (semuenzaniso, kongiri), pasina decoration details, mune mamwe mazwi, hapana nhoroondo reminiscences chitarisiko, izvo zvinofanira kuva nyore dzimba yakajeka chimiro.

Mavakirwo remakore rechi20 kuRussia aisimbisa muchimiro constructivism, kunyanya zvaibudirira 1920-1930. Constructivism kukabatanidzwa mazhinji ruzivo uye aesthetics mutsva rechiKomonisiti uzivi uye magariro nezvinangwa kuvaka ezvinhu. Mumwe havaoni zviri kufamba - Konstantin Melnikov, uyo akasika yakakurumbira Melnikov House muMoscow, riri chiratidzo constructivism uye Soviet chains-garde zvachose. Kunyange zvazvo sangano yakakamurwa kupinda kukwikwidzana zvikoro zvinoverengeka munguva yokuvapo kwayo nezvivakwa dzakawanda dzakavakwa, kusvikira radonha kubva nyasha nevatungamiriri veSoviet pamusoro 1932. Asi constructivist Migumisiro dzinogona kuwanikwa akazotevera mapurani yeSoviet.

Kubvira mangwanani 1980s, mavakirwo remakore rechi20 kunzwa mamwe matambudziko maererano STRUCTURAL hurongwa (mabasa, simba, ruzivo) anova multidistsiplinoy pamwe specializations mumwe purojekiti mhando. Mukuwedzera, pachena nokupesana basa murongedzeri kuti sechinhu mapurani, mugadziri uye wakachenjera, kuvimbisa kuti munguva yemberi yokuvakira akasangana zvose zvakafanira rwokugadzira mitemo. Asi, chokwadi, zviri kwezvakatipoteredza kuenderera kwayo uye huru hune nyaya zvikuru kufungisisa dzinoitwa mapurani.