Kuumbwa kweropa uye kushanda kweropa revanhu

Nyaya yakadai sekuumbwa kweropa uye kushanda kweropa zvakakodzera zvakakodzera kufungisisa, sezvo inoratidzira imwe yenheyo dzebasa rakakwana remuviri wevanhu. Kunzwisisa kukosha kwekuyerera kweropa kunokosha nekuda kwesimba rayo guru pane zvose zvinoitika pakuitika mumuviri.

Chii chinonzi ropa

Pasi peropa nderokunzwisisa mvura yakachena mukati momuviri, iyo inogonesa kusagadzikana kwezvinhu zvakakosha zvehupenyu uye hutano hwepanyama, paine hukama huri pakati pezvikamu. Kudzidza ropa, maitiro aro nemabasa, zvakakosha kunzwisisa chirevo chemashoko maviri aya:

- chirwere chepachiviri (chinosanganisira plasma);

- Zvinhu zvakagadziriswa (zviri mukati meropa mumamiriro akamira).

Ropa rinogona kurondedzerwa sechimiro chakasiyana-siyana chemiviri, yakaratidzwa nezvimwe zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana: zvikamu zvaro zvakasiyana-siyana, iyo nzvimbo inonaya yemuviri inogara iri kufamba, zvose zvinoumba ropa zvinoumbwa uye zvinoparadzwa kunze kweropa iro pachako.

Muchikamu chehurukuro: "Ropa, kurongeka uye kushanda" zvakakosha kuziva kuti urongwa hunosanganisira hemopoiesis uye kuparadzwa kweropa (chiropa, bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen), pamwe neropa reropa.

Kuumbwa kweropa

Chikamu chakakura cheropa - 60% - ipurasma, uye 40% chete yakazara nezvinhu zvakadai semasero matsvuku eropa, leukocytes uye maplatelet. Viscous thick liquid (plasma) ine zvinhu zvinokosha muupenyu hwemuviri. Dzinofamba kuburikidza nenyama uye nhengo, zvichipa maitiro emakemikari anodikanwa uye basa rakazara-rose rehutano hwose. Rakagadzirwa nemaronda epakadzika mukati, mahomoni anopinda plasma ndokuzopararira mumuviri wose neropa. Antibodies - enzyme dzinodzivirira muviri kubva kumarudzi akasiyana-siyana ekutyisidzira - dziri mu plasma.

Erythrocytes

Tichifunga nezvekuumbwa uye mabasa makuru eropa, zvakakosha kubhadhara masero matsvuku eropa. Aya ndiwo masero matsvuku eropa anoona ruvara rweropa. Muchigadzirwa chayo, erythrocyte yakafanana zvikuru nesipfupa shoma, mumasora ayo pane hemoglobin. Paavhareji, imwe erythrocyte inokwanisa kutakura 267 mamiriyoni hemoglobin particles, "kumedza" carbon dioxide uye oksijeni, kuisonganisa nekamu.

Kuwedzera mukati mehurukuro: "Kuumbwa nekushanda kweropa: masero matsvuku eropa," inofanira kunzwisiswa kuti idzi idzi dzinogona kutakura huwandu hwakawanda hwe hemoglobin nekuda kwesimba risina nyukliya. Nekukura kweyerythrocyte, inosvika 8 micrometer murefu uye 3 micrometer muhupamhi. Nhamba yemasero matsvuku eropa pasina kuwedzererwa ndeyekuti: wechipiri wese kupfuura mamiriyoni maviri ezvikamu zvinowanikwa mumapfupa emapfupa, masero avo ose mumuviri anenge anenge 26 triliyoni.

Leukocytes

Izvi zvinowanikwawo zvikamu zvehupenyu hwekubuda ropa. Maseji akachena eropa anonzi leukocyte, ukuru hwahwo hunogona kusiyana. Vane denderedzwa dzisina kufanana. Nemhaka yokuti leukocytes ndiyo zvikamu zvine nucleus, zvinokwanisa kufamba zvakasununguka. Iyo yakawanda kudarika masero matsvuku eropa, asi leukocyte inobatanidzwa mubasa rekuchengetedza muviri kubva kune utachiona. Kuumbwa kweropa uye mabasa eropa hazvigoni kukwana pasina masero machena eropa.

Leukocyte ine michemoni yakakosha iyo inokwanisa kusunga nekuparadzanisa michero yekuora uye kune dzimwe nyika mapuroteni, pamwe nekudya zviduku zvinokonzera kukuvadza. Uyezve, mamwe maitiro eukocyte anogona kuita zvirwere-mapuroteni particles, kuita chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha: kukundwa kwemarudzi mashomanana emarudzi akangopinda muropa, mucous membrane nezvimwe mishonga kana nhengo.

Platelets

Aya mahwendefa eropa anotamira pedyo pedyo nemasvingo emidziyo. Basa ravo guru nderekudzorera kwemidziyo kana zvikaitika. Kana tikashandisa mazwi ekurapa, tinogona kutaura kuti maplatelet anoshanda nesimba pakupa hemostasis (ropa clotting). Rimwe cubic millimeter paavhareji mabhuku kune anopfuura 500 zviuru zvezvikamu izvi. Platelets anorarama zvishoma kudarika zvimwe zvikamu zveropa-kubva pamasere kusvika kumazuva manomwe.

Vanofamba vakasununguka pamwe chete neropa uye vanochengetwa chete munzvimbo idzodzo apo kubuda kweropa kunopinda munharaunda yakaoma (spleen, chiropa, subcutaneous tissue). Panguva yekushandura, maitiro eplatelet anova akaenzana, uye pseudopodia (mashizha akasiyana) anoumbwa. Izvo kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwepseudopodia kuti idzi zvikamu zveropa zvinokwanisa kushamwaridzana kune imwe neimwe uye kugadziriswa panzvimbo yekukuvadza kumadziro emadziro.

Kuumbwa kweropa neropa zvinoshanda zvinofanira kutaridzirwa chete nekodzero yezviito zveplatelets.

Lymphocytes

Izwi iri rinoreva mashoma-nucleated masero. Lymphocytes muhuwandu hwavo vane huwandu hwemaminitsi gumi. Nuclei yemasero akadaro akakomba uye akaoma, uye cytoplasm ine zvinyorwa zviduku uye zvine mavara bluish. Nekunyanya kudzidza, iwe unogona kuona kuti ose lymphocytes ane maitiro akafanana. Izvi hazvichinje chokwadi chinotevera - chinopesana muzvinhu zvemukati membrane nemabasa ayo.

Izvi zvinokonzerwa nenyunyukliya yeropa zvakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu zvikuru: 0-masero, B-seli uye T-seli. Basa re B-lymphocytes nderokushanda semagadziri emasero anogadzira antibodies. Uyewo, masero eT anopa kuchinja kweB-leukocytes. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti T-lymphocytes iboka rimwechete remasero ezvirwere zvemuviri, iro rinoita mabasa akawanda anokosha. Somuenzaniso, nekubatana kwavo, nzira yekugadzira macrophage activation zvinhu uye kukura kwezvinhu zve interferons, uyewo masero eB, anoitika. Zvinokwanisika kuzviparadzanisa uye masero anonzi T inductor, ayo anobatanidzwa mukusimudzira kuumbwa kwezvirwere. Pamuenzaniso wekuita kwezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zve lymphocytes, ukama huri pakati pehutano hwebasa uye basa hunonyatsooneka.

Kana ari ma-0-masero, akasiyana zvikuru kubva kune mamwe, sezvo asina maantitigens epasi. Zvimwe zvezvikamu zveropa zvinoita basa re "vaurayi vemazuva ose", kuparadza masero aya ane kenza kana ane utachiona.

Ropa plasma

Kuumbwa kweplasma yeropa ndiyo mvura (90-90%) uye zvisikwa: mapuroteni, mafuta, glucose, mararamiro akasiyana-siyana, mishonga yemagetsi, mavitamini, mahomoni, nezvimwewo. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zveplasma ndiyo inosimotic. Uyewo, plasma inotakura mishonga, masero eropa uye zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi. Kudzidza kuumbwa uye mabasa e plasma yeropa , unogona kuona izvozvo Inoshanda sekubatana pakati pemvura inenge isina kunze kwemidziyo yeropa.

Plasma nguva dzose inosangana neitsvo, chiropa uye dzimwe nhengo, zvichidaro zvinotsigira homeostasis - kugara kwemukati mamiriro emuviri.

Physicochemical properties of blood

Kudzidza nhaurirano yakafanana nekugadzirwa, nzvimbo uye mabasa eropa, zvakakosha kubhadhara zvimwe zvinhu. Ropa remuviri mumuviri wemunhu mukuru pavhareji ndeye 6-8% yemuviri wake. Muvarume, chiratidzo ichi chinosvika 5-6 litre, muvakadzi - kubva 4 kusvika ku5 Ichi ndicho chiyero cheropa chinopinda mumoyo nguva dzose zviuru. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti ropa harizadzi maitiro ezvisikwa zvachose, chikamu chikuru chacho chinoramba chiripo. Uwandu hweropa hunoenderana nenhamba yemasero matsvuku eropa mairi uye inosvika 1,050-1060 g / cm ³ . Viscosity inosvika mazana mashanu akasiyana.

Iko kushanda kweropa kunokonzerwa nechiyero che hydroxyl uye hydrogen ions. Basa iri rinotsanangurwa nehuwandu hwehydrojeni iyo pH (kuwanda kwehydrogen ions). Kuchinja muropa pH, umo muviri unogona kushanda, unobva kubva pa7.0 kusvika ku7. Kana pane kuchinja kwekushanda kunoshanda kwechiropa kune rumwe rutivi rwechidimbu, ipapo chirwere chakafanana chinogona kutsanangurwa se acidosis. Kubudirira kwaro kunokonzerwa nekuwedzera kwezinga re hydrogen ions. Kana izvo zvinoshanduka zvichishandura kusvika kune alkaline, zvino zvine musoro kutaura nezve alkalosis. Iko kushanduka kwepH kunobva pakuderera kwehuwandu hwehydrogen ions uye kuwedzera kwehuwandu hweHY hydroxyl ions.

Kutakura basa reropa

Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha izvo ropa rinoyerera rinoita. Izvo zvinotevera zvinogona kugoverwa kunzira yekufambisa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana:

- trophic: kutengesa kumativi ese emuviri wezvokudya, microelements uye mavitamini;

- kutungamirira: kutakura kwehomoni uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinopinda muhuori hwemitemo yemuviri;

- Kufuridzirwa: kutengesa magasi ekufema O2 ne CO2 kubva kumapapu kusvika kumatumbu uye kune zvakasiyana;

- thermoregulatory: kubviswa kwehuwandu hwekupisa kubva muuropi uye nhengo dzomukati kuganda;

- kunyanya: zvigadzirwa zvemetabolism zvinoshandiswa kune nhengo dzekugadzirisa.

Hemostasis

Chinhu chinokosha chebasa iri chakaderedzwa kusvika kune chinotevera: mune mamiriro ekukuvadza kusvika mukati kana kuti tsvina yemidziyo yega (kana kupindira kana kucheka mhuka) uye kuitika kwekunze kwekunze kana mukati, ropa rekuvhara ropa panzvimbo yekuparadzwa kwemudziyo. Ndiye iye anodzivirira kurasikirwa kukuru kweropa. Pasi pesimba rekusunungurwa kwemashupiti emakemikari nemakemikari, chiedza chemudziyo chakaderedzwa. Kana zvikaitika kuti kugadzirisa kwekupedzisira kwemidziyo yeropa kwakange kwaparadzwa, collageni iri pasi pe endothelium inoratidzwa. Plateti inonamatira pakarepo nokukurumidza zvakakwana kuti ipararire muropa.

Homeostatic uye kuchengetedza mabasa

Kudzidza ropa, kuumbwa kwayo uye mabasa, zvakakosha kubhadhara nzira yekuwana homeostasis. Icho chinonyanya kukosha chakaderedzwa kusvika kuchengetedzwa kwemvura-munyu uye ion muyero (chikonzero che osmotic pressure), uye kuchengetedza pH yemamiriro ezvinhu mukati memuviri.

Kana chiri chekudzivirirwa, chinonyanya kukosha ndechekudzivirira muviri kuburikidza nezvirwere zvekudzivirira muviri, phagocytic basa re leukocytes uye antibacterial substances.

Blood System

Izvozvo zvinogona kusanganisira mwoyo nemitsipa yeropa: ropa uye lymph. Basa rinokosha reropa ndiyo inopa nguva yakakwana uye yakakwana yezviviri uye masukisi ane zvinhu zvose zvinodiwa muupenyu. Kuramba kweropa kuburikidza nehurongwa hwemitsipa yeropa kunopiwa nejairo yemwoyo. Kuwedzera munyaya iyi: "Zvinoreva, kuumbwa nekushanda kweropa," zvakakosha kuziva kuti ropa iro pachayo rinofamba nemidziyo richienderera mberi saka rinogona kutsigira mabasa ose anokosha anotaurwa pamusoro apa (kutakura, kudzivirira, nezvimwewo).

Nhengo huru muropa ropa ndiyo mwoyo. Iyo ine chimiro chemuviri wakakomba muscular uye inoparadzanisa iyo mukati mekumabvazuva nekakarurama kuburikidza nemutsara unobatanidza septum. Pane chimwe chikamu-chakakosha. Basa rayo nderokuparadzanisa mwoyo mumatanda maviri epamusoro (atria) uye 2 pasi (ventricles).

Kudzidza kuumbwa nekushanda kweropa revanhu, zvakakosha kunzwisisa chirevo chekuita kwehutachiona. Muropa reguta kune mitsara miviri yekufamba: huru uye duku. Izvi zvinoreva kuti ropa mukati memuviri rinofamba kuburikidza nemaitiro maviri akavharwa emitsipa yeropa inosangana pamwoyo.

Sezvo kutanga kwendenderedzwa yakakura kunoratidzika aorta inowedzera kubva kuruboshwe rwemhepo. Izvo zvinopa kumera kwemashure maduku, mashizha uye makuru. Ivo (arteri), uyewo, bazi rekuita arterioles, kupedzisa ne capillaries. Pachinyorwa che capillaries ivo pachavo vanoita ruvara rukuru rwunoputika maviri uye nhengo. Iyo iri mumutsetse iyo michina uye oksijeni zvinosunungurwa kumasero, uyewo nzira yekuwana mishonga yemagetsi (carbon dioxide inosanganisira).

Kubva kumucheto wepasi weiyo ropa inopinda mumucheto wakadzika wakadzika, kubva kumusoro, zvichienderana, kusvika kumusoro. Ndiyo mitsetse miviri isina kuvhara iyo inopedzisa denderedzwa guru rekupararira, rinosvika paatrium yakarurama.

Nezvemutsara muduku weropa, zvinokosha kuziva kuti inotanga nemutumbi wepermonary, zvichibva kubva pakiriniki yakarurama uye inotakura ropa rinobuda mumapapu. Iyo purupa iyo pachayo inoparadzaniswa kuva matavi maviri anoenda kumapapu akanaka uye akasiyiwa. Mishonga yepulmonary inoparadzaniswa kuva arterioles maduku uye capillaries, iyo inoshanduka ikazova mavhesi ayo anoita masvini. Basa rinokosha remukati mutsva wekupararira kweropa ndechekuita kuti kuve nekugadzirisa kwegesi iri mumapapu.

Kudzidza kuumbwa kweropa uye kushanda kweropa, zviri nyore kuuya kumhedziso kuti inonyanya kukosha kumatumbu uye nhengo dzomukati. Nokudaro, kana kukanganiswa kweropa kwakakomba kana kukanganiswa kweropa, kutyisa kwehupenyu hwevanhu kunooneka.