Kupatsanura Gene - STRUCTURAL uye dzichipfekeka

GMO, pamuviri nechirwere, decoding DNA cloning - yakawanda zvigadzirwa varipo uye ramangwana hwakabatana nesayenzi ichi. Gene kupatsanura zvaiita kudzidza zvinhu zvavo uye zvinogonekwa shanduko. Saka, chii chinozivikanwa pamusoro pavo nhasi?

majini

Muchitokisi ose zvipenyu muviri rine mashoko ose pamusoro payo. In dzidziso iyi inofanira kunge zvakakwana kuti kukwanisa bereka chaiyo kopi. Uye kuvonga zvose kuna DNA rinoratidza majini pasipoti. With mimwe ake, isu vanogona inokuvadza yakatotsakatika mhando mhuka uye zvinomera uye kumisa kutsakatika kuchaita vaya vari mungozi.

Gene - nderei chairema enhaka zvinhu. Vanowedzera kuti vamwe makuru, uye ivo, akavapindurawo, vanoumba morekuru reDNA. Kutaura zvazviri, chidimbu ose payo - ndiwo bumbiro chinhu muchimiro kutevedzana kwezviitiko nucleotides iro encrypted uye mashoko ose pamusoro muviri. Uye sayenzi kuti wakanaka sei mashoko, chii vari mashandiro wacho dzakabatana, ndeipi STRUCTURAL uye dzichipfekeka kupatsanura majini uye dzimwe nyaya dzine chokuita, achiri muduku, asi akatotanga vakakwanisa kuratidza pakushaiwa ayo uye zviratidzo zvikuru zvinogona.

kudzidza

Chokwadi kuti vamwe vana nhaka tsika yavo nevabereki uye vakwanise mhuri, yagara kuzivikanwa. Zvisinei, kwenguva yakareba zvakanga zvachose kujeka chii mashandiro kuti kupararira mashoko pamusoro nechitarisiko, hunhu, zvirwere kubva vabereki vana, vazukuru uye zvimwe zvizvarwa. Panguva iyi zvakakodzera kutaura yakakurumbira Mendel akagadzira mitemo nhaka mamwe maitiro, kunyange aisaziva kuti zvinoitika.

A budiriro kudzidza majini rava nyaya nguva kubva veMubatanidzwa nemaikorosikopu. Muchitokisi nuclei yawanikwa umo vanhu vaigona kutarira panyaya emakore. The dzinonakidza zvikuru ndechokuti nehuro kwenguva masayendisiti refu vaiva sezvariri pasi mhino dzedu, asi ivo vakaramba havana hanya naye.

Chokwadi kuti DNA pawakatanga kuzivikanwa shure muna 1868. Asi kusvikira pakutanga XX remakore, nyanzvi dzezvinhu zvipenyu vazhinji nechokwadi kuti fuma iyi ine phosphorus reserves kuwanda basa mumuviri, uye asingauyi kutamba basa uzere dzigare mairi ane coded mashoko nezvazvo. About vamwe kuedza kuti kwakaratidza kuti ndicho chinangwa chikuru DNA rwaiitwa pakati remakore. Asi chimiro kupfuudzwa uye nemamiriro nefuma yakaramba isingazivikanwi.

Decoding ari genome

Pachishandiswa zvidzidzo kubudikidza Maurice Wilkins uye Rosalind Franklin muna 1953, Francis Dzheyms Uotson uye Crick hypothesized kuti DNA ndiyo miviri akamonyoroka. Gare gare pfungwa iyi zvakaratidza, iro masayendisiti vakagamuchira Nobel Prize.

Zvino vasati nesayenzi atarisana basa decoding majini gore, izvo raizoita kupindura mibvunzo yakawanda. Pano, mu nyaya akapinda kwete zvipenyu chete, asi wefizikisi uye masvomhu. The yeEncoding nzira kwemakumi emakore yakaramba isingazivikanwi, asi zvaiva pachena kuti triplet, kureva, chinosanganisira chazvo-nucleotide matatu. Muna 1965 iye pakupedzisira akatanga kunzwisisa zvinoreva zvose muzvikamu anonzi codons. Cipher akanga hacked.

Zvisinei, izvi hazvirevi kuti masayendisiti haana kuramba zvakavanzika. Research kuchiri kuenderera, asi kupatsanura majini vavo kudzidza akapa nzwisiso kuzopindazve hunhu zvimwe zvirwere uye nzira kurapwa kwavo. Zvino vanhu vanopfuura ropa, unogona kuwana chii zvirwere vari pangozi, kana mukana nhaka mumwe kana zvimwe zvinetso zvoutano kumusoro kubva kuvabereki vavo uye kuvapa vana. Izvi zvakaita kuti zvakakomba mberi munzvimbo zhinji zvokurapa.

Gene basa

Kana chinangwa DNA akava pachena, masayendisiti kuziva mubvunzo kuti zvinorevei mumwe piece remitemo icho chiri basa, chii kurongedza mumuviri rinotanga. Uye kwemakumi emakore mubasa kutsvaka mhinduro, vaongorori vakawanda. Panguva yose iyi, zvakava pachena, kutanga, kuti majini - ichi hachisi chinhu indivisible chairema kuvabereki ruzivo, uye chepiri kuti Conceptual midziyo remasayendisiti anoda kuwedzera.

Rakanga akatanga mashoko mashoma kuti zvichaita nani kuratidza nemashoko kwemasayendisiti zvinoitika uchidzidzira. Asi zvose mashandiro anoita majini uye vakaramba vari kumbonyanya kujeka mashoko - kubatana kwetunhu mapurotini uye polypeptides. Ose nhindi DNA ndiyo mhosva yavo chaiyo fuma, uye sei zvinokanganisawo muviri, kazhinji zviri nyore kutaura. Vatsvakurudzi asi kushanda nesimba kuti kukwanisa kutaura kuti zvimwe majini Somuenzaniso, vane basa ziso ruvara, ganda rakanaka uye zvimwe zviri mumwoyo. Zvose rakaoma nevamwe ehupfumi kuti DNA.

Classifications

Zviri pachena kuti mumwe chairema DNA anoita zvimwe chairo, kunyange kana vachiri kuzivikanwa uye vanhu. Kutanga kubva pafungidziro ichi, rechimanjemanje STRUCTURAL uye dzichipfekeka kupatsanura majini. It rinowanzoshandiswa, asi kune vamwe, zvikuru kushandiswa, uye kufungisisa zvimwe zvinhu chaizvo zvechiratidzo zvimwe kumatunhu DNA. Kazhinji, izvi zvinoreva kupatsanura majini: STRUCTURAL uye pamutemo (dzichipfekeka). Mumwe nomumwe Miti izvi, akavapindurawo, unogona kukamurwa kuva mapoka. Somuenzaniso, pakati regulators kusiyanisa modifiers, suppressors, FIs, etc.

Kupesana majini zvakashandiswawo chokuratidza kuti zvainoita chinhanho, zvichiratidza, hafu-zvinouraya uye kwavakarerekera muzvikamu inouraya.

kosha misiyano

Just pamusoro vanhuwo kupatsanura majini yakanga aongororwe. Structural uye dzichipfekeka zvikamu DNA, maererano naye, vaishora mumwe, asi chaizvoizvo hazvina kudaro. Havagoni kushanda oga, uye mumwe nomumwe mapoka aya kunokosha munzira yacho.

Structural majini ndiwo anokonzera zvakananga kwetunhu zvinokosha mapuroteni uye amino acids. Regulators kukanganisa mashandiro avo, kudzora ON wavo uye Off panguva kukura, uyewo mubasa pakusika zvimwe Excipients. By hunhu kukanganisa kwavo STRUCTURAL chikamu, vari rakakamurwa FIs, suppressors, enhancers uye modifiers. basa ravo unokubvumira rikurumidze kana kunetesa dzimwe zvinhu.

ehupfumi

Mumwe chairema DNA ane nhamba hwounhu, izvo vanobvumira duku mapuroteni Morekuru kuti encode mashoko ose pamusoro muviri:

1. Discrete. Jini rimwe nerimwe anoita se yakazvimirira chikwata.
2. Kugadzikana. Kana mukasadaro chipo kunotouraya, kana chimwe DNA akagashidzwa zvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi node.
3. Specificity. Jini rimwe nerimwe kunokanganisa kukura imwe unhu.
4. Dosing. Changing uwandu majini iri muviri kunotungamirira kutyorwa (semuenzaniso, Down kuti chirwere - kuwedzera nhamba okutodza).
5. Pleiotropy. Mano rimwe Gene anosimudzira unhu akawanda.

Kuchine zvakawanda zvokudzidza. Hongu, masayendisiti makawana zvakawanda nokuverenga DNA, uye nani kunzwisisa kana kupatsanura majini yave akaumba. Structural uye pamutemo divi, kushanda pamwe chete, kunzwisisa yeEncoding mashandiro - remakore yokupedzisira yaiva tiguu chaiye kukura zvipenyu. Asi kuchine zvakawanda zvokudzidza.

Tarisiro kukura nesayenzi

Pasinei chokwadi kuti genetics chinhu sayenzi mudiki, atova pachena kuti zviri kumirira yemberi kukuru. Treatment zvirwere kuti vaionekwa tariro, kuvandudza zvivako Zvirimwa uye mhuka, vachibvumira kutanga zvokurima, kudzorerwa zvipenyu - ichi zvose zvinobvira iye zvino. Huru nekurovererwa mamwe kudzidza, kuedza, uye dziri upenyu - nezvetsika. Dzetsika kuti kusangana vanhu, kudzidza kushandisa mashoko encoded mu DNA haisati aizvinzwisisa.