Bhitumini - chii ichi? Properties uye nokushandisa bhitumini

Bhitumini - ndiwo mumwe mukuru zvokuvakisa anozivikanwa murume. Mazuvano, kushandiswa kwayo kunosanganisira zvikuru siyana zvaungasarudza. Kune marudzi akasiyana-siyana izvi zvinhu.

mhando

Bituminous zvinhu - vari Organic zvinhu, izvo dzinosanganisira mhuka.

• Natural bhitumini. Chinonzi viscous zvokunyama kana zvinhu zvikukutu iyo unotora carbohydrate yeimwe vavo nomukaka. Nzira inotungamirwa dzavo dzinongoitika oxidation dzinotsanagura mafuta polymerization. Ivo yakapararira nzvimbo mafuta. Kwakachena dzinongoitika bhitumini - haiwanzowaniki fuma.
• Asphalt marudzi. Izvi mhando inowanikwa kakawanda kupfuura yapfuura mumwe. Iri porous namatombo. Vanopwanyirwa uye pulverized. Sezvo zvinoitika mugwagwa bhitumini.
• Oil. Zviri rudzi kubata zvinhu. It anogadzirwa nedanho nokunatswa. Maererano muitiro kutenderera mhando bhitumini dzakadaro kwoita residual, oxidation uye cracking walnut.

mamiriro

Bhitumini ane zvinotevera murwiyo iri Classic Version:

• 80% kabhoni;
• 15% rehydrogen;
• kubva 2 kusvika 9% rwesarufa;
• kwete kupfuura 5% okisijeni;
• kubva 0 kusvika 2% senitrogen.

Izvi zvinhu zviri muchimiro yeHydrocarbon yeimwe, sarufa, okisijeni uye senitrogen.

zvinhu zvose zvinogona Classified mumapoka matatu.

1. chinoumba Solid - yakakwirira samolecular uremu Mahydrocarbon anonzi asphaltenes. Panewo zvikukutu zvinoriumba vari paraffins.

2. Inogadzirwa nemasiridzi anobuda mumiti - amorphous zvinhu, vane shava ruvara.

3. The mafuta chinokwana - ndiyo Mahydrocarbon siyana vane arambe achirema asingasviki 1.

Bhitumini - zviri kunzwisisa imwe chete imwe nhamba yenhengo zvose. Kuwedzera kwayo kurema asphaltenes kwaizowedzera pokuoma, brittleness uye kuderedza tembiricha.

The waxes zvakare kuderedza ductility nebhitumini, saka pfungwa rwakabhadharwa kuna zvaAtemisi vasanyanye dzavo tigutsikane 5% zvichidzika.

zvoupenyu chikumbiro

Zvichienderana mumuviri ehupfumi kusiyanisa zvinotevera minda kushanda bhitumini:

• mugwagwa kuvaka;
• nemakadhibhokisi;
• mvura;
• elektorokabelya kugadzirwa;
• Shino-rabha michina;
• mabhatiri;
• pendi uye varnishes;
• simbi;
• uglebriketov kugadzirwa;
• Yokucheneswa.

The kuvaka mabasa ari yayo bhitumini ndiyo inonyanya kufarirwa mashoko mvura zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, kunyanya wedzimba uye mudzimba.

mugwagwa mafuta

Kuvakwa Migwagwa anoshandiswa peturu bhitumini mugwagwa (GOST 22245-90). Kune pezvitsiga wandei zvinhu zvakadaro.

Kusarudza zvakanaka, tinofanira kutsanangura mhando okunze wongoramba.

For dzinongoitika ezvinhu izvo vanoonekwa ne tembiricha iri inotonhora mwaka haasi kupfuura -20? C paavhareji, vari dzakakodzera sezvakatenderanwa GOST mugwagwa bitumens akadai Change NOK 200/300, 130/200 Change NOK uye Change NOK 90/130.

Nokuti munzvimbo avhareji tembiricha iri chando nguva yegore siyana kubva -10 kusvika -20? C, anopa peturu nebhitumini mugwagwa II uye III okunze munyika dzine enzira. Izvi zvinosanganisira pamusoro kwemarudzi, uyewo 60/90.

Kana avhareji yomwedzi nomwedzi tembiricha munguva chando nguva yegore zviri kuwanda -5 kuti -10? C, iyo Standard anopa kushandisa mafuta mugwagwa bhitumini sezvo zvose pamusoro marudzi, uyewo Change NOK 40/60, 90/130 BN, BN 130/200 BN 200/300.

Nokuti dzine chando Avharenji dzinoratidzwa tembiricha haana kudzika pane 5? C, zvakakodzera mafuta mugwagwa bhitumini mhando dzakadai Change NOK 40/60, 60/90, 90/130 Change NOK, BN 60/90, 90/130 BN.

mafuta

Kune marudzi akasiyana inoshandiswa kuvaka kwete chete migwagwa asiwo dzinogarwa ehupfumi. Izvi muchiso pasi rose. Kune pezvitsiga matatu chete, izvo zvinosanganisira zvakadai peturu bhitumini BN 70/30, 90/130 BN, BN 50/50.

Uyewo peturu bhitumini road, GOST iyo anoita zvinhu zviri kushanda neimwe rudzi, nokuti kuvaka bhitumini anoita GOST 6671-76.

Rezasi tembiricha kwezvakatipoteredza, zvikuru kwakavharwa nenyama zvinhu zvinofanira kushandiswa kuvaka. Izvi zvichaita nechokwadi ayo hurefu uye nguva kushanda.

Oil kuzvinhu zvokuvakisa

Zvakasiyana-siyana mabasa padenga chokugadza uchishandisa chaiwo bhitumini. Properties uye mafomu iri nokudzorwa GOST 9548-74. mureza Izvi zvinosanganisira kushandisa mhando nhatu kuzvinhu zvokuvakisa:

• BOC 90/30 - ane vakawanda dzakadai paumbwe unhani rukoko reimba.
• BNK 40/180 - inoshandiswa kuita impregnation.
• BNK 45/190 - anosarudzwa kuti kugamuchira uye processing kuti denga remba kuti matenga.

Zvinhu kufurira mhando mugwagwa zvinhu

Asphalt road, GOST iyo inopa mhando dzakawanda imwe pfuma yakadaro kunoratidzwa zhinji ehupfumi siyana. Mumwe anopa mumwe unhu zvinhu.

Chinonyanya kukosha kwavari, nokududza yezvinoreva bhitumini vanoonekwa ductility, kuderedza pfungwa, brittleness, kuvheneka, viscosity, namira ehupfumi.

High tembiricha vanotsigira zvibereko zveminda mwero nebhitumini viscosity. Kuchitonhora nayo anorasikirwa zvinhu unhu uye nguva kusvika chafariz muganhu anova haungatani kuputsika.

Zvinobatsira kuwedzera plasticity ari kuwedzera mafuta acho. The zvakawanda chando peturu bhitumini, dzakanga kunaka mukirasi yacho.

kuvheneka tembiricha zvakare inokosha zvikuru chinoita kuti zvinhu zvakadai nebhitumini mugwagwa. Standard inopa mwero ukoshi parameter uyu +200? C uye pamusoro. The zvakawanda rinovaima tembiricha, rezasi flammability pomutumwa.

adhesion zvazvingava kuchabatsira kuziva sei zvakanaka chingabatisiswa bhitumini chawo pemvura. The kumusoro ari mamakisi, akasimba mashoko wakachengetwa nechepamusoro.

Mabikirwo kushandisa zvinhu

Paivakwa migwagwa nezvimwe zvivako, kudziya-up rwokugadzira bhitumini. Izvi zviri kuitwa maererano nemimwe mirayiro. Nzira kushandisa mashoko iri zvinoitwa pfuma akadai nebhitumini. GOST anoratidza ehupfumi ayo anokosha.

Kuti vakuchidzire mashoko akashandiswa pakuvaka uye kugadziriswa, pakaitwa poto pamwe gobvu masvingo simbi uye hermetically wokugumisa muvharo. Pakukora zvinhu kuchaita kuti tidzivise overcooking.

2/3 yazara tangi. Bhitumini asati kudhanilodha akatsemura zvidimbu zvidiki saizi.

Heating rinoitwa mumoto diki, uye zvakanyunguduka zvinhu kusvikira homogeneous guru. Kana vatorwa nyaya yabviswa nomusero yavo chaiyo. Reserve reheating tembiricha kuti 200? C.

Heating ari tembiricha kuti +160 kusvika +170? C zvikanyauka bhitumini inenge 3 h. Kana iwe kuwedzera kuti pokupedzisira mutengo, kuti kudziyisa muitiro achava chete 1 awa.

Bhitumini nokuti migwagwa haigoni kumira kuwedzera kudziyisa pamusoro +200? C, nekuti nzvimbo yavo ichi kuipa. Apo 220? C anotanga kuumba chemubhotoro.

Kana overheated bhitumini yakabereka kusingafadzi utsi tsvuku-girini, uye Paaizosvika muganhu kuti +240? C zvinhu anogona kunyange kuputsa. Ipapo kavha bhaira pedyo kudzima moto.

Mushure overheating uye vakapfeka bhitumini mugwagwa zvinova pfava uye vasisina kukodzera kuti basa iri rokuvaka kana kugadziriswa.

Storage neyokufambisa

Bhitumini okuchengetera kunoitika rinokosha matangi. Vari vakapakata anokurudzira nzira neshungu fuma. nzira iyi inofanira kuva inokosha hwemvura inosimbisa nzira yokudzivisa vakapfeka zvinhu mhute.

Kuti vasina Matangi anopiwa pazasi yakatenuka.

Chidobi akatakura mura Asphalt mugwagwa, akashongedzerwa chaizvo pombi izvo pumped zvinhu.

Kana mashoko acho ari zvifambiswe mu hwakasimba chimiro, akashandisa rinokosha wakagadzirwa chimiro.

Panguva zvekufambisa uye okuchengetera inopiwa kune zvose moto yakachengeteka zvinodiwa, sezvo chokuita nebhitumini zvinobata moto. Zvatinosungirwa zvose vakachengeteka mitemo, hapana kutya panowanikwa nezvimwewo ezvinhu pabasa iri zvinhu. Pashure pokudzidza zvivako uye akasiyana zvinhu anogona kubudirira yoashandisa pakuvaka zvivako siyana.

Bhitumini - a fuma ane unhu hwakanaka hwakadai mvura nemishonga, simba, nonsusceptibility okunze kwechirwere, pasi ruzha uye chafariz pachena uye pasi ano conduction. Nemhaka ehupfumi izvi, chinhu akakurumbira chaizvo uye zvakavimbika chivakwa zvinhu.