Sei Fresnel mapazi

Fresnel mapazi - vari munzvimbo umo pemvura inzwi kana chiedza mafungu kuti tiite Masvomhu nokurira diffraction zvabuda kana chiedza. Nzira iyi yakatanga kushandiswa 1815 O.Frenel.

nhoroondo mashoko

Augustin-Zhan Frenel (10.06.1788-14.07.1827) - yefizikisi French. Chose hwake kudzidza ehupfumi muviri optics. Iyewo muna 1811 pasi pokudzora E. Malus akatanga vakazvimiririra kudzidza wefizikisi, nokukurumidza akava kufarira experimental tsvakurudzo mumunda optics. Muna 1814, kuti "rega" musimboti kukanganiswa, uye muna 1816 akawedzera rinozivikanwa musimboti Huygens, izvo vakasuma pfungwa coherence uye kupindira kuti zvokutanga nemafungu. Muna 1818, kuvaka pamusoro basa rinoitwa, akava dzidziso chiedza diffraction. Akatanga muitiro nokufunga diffraction kubva kumucheto, uyewo tenderera buri. Vakaperekedza kuedza, ikozvino Classics, pamwe biprism uye bizerkalami chiedza chipingaidzo. Muna 1821 iye akaratidza chokwadi pamusoro transverse hunhu chiedza mafungu, muna 1823 akavhura dzeraundi uye elliptical polarization. Akatsanangura pahwaro chinozunguzirwa kumifananidzo chromatic polarization, uyewo vachishandisa kutenderera ndege kuti polarization chiedza uye birefringence. Muna 1823, iye akasimbisa nemitemo refraction uye kuratidzwa chiedza iri chaiyo sandara pasi pakati vezvenhau maviri. Pamwe chete Jung vaiona musiki rokuchengeta optics. Ko muvambi anoverengeka chipingaidzo mano, zvakadai segirazi kana Fresnel biprism Fresnel. It vaiona muvambi vangasimudzira itsva nenzira yechiedza jekeso.

A vakasvimha dzidziso

Sarudza Fresnel diffraction zvinogoneka buri upi chimiro uye kazhinji pasina izvozvo. Zvisinei, kubva pfungwa nemaonero feasibility zvakanaka kubata nayo mune raundi mugomba chimiro. Panyaya iyi, chiedza tsime uye akataurwa pfungwa inofanira kuva pamusoro mutsetse uri perpendicular kuti chidzitiro ndege uye ichipfuura pakati mugomba. Kutaura zvazviri, muna Fresnel mapazi anogona kutyora chero pose kuburikidza izvo chiedza nemafungu. Somuenzaniso, ari equiphase pemvura. Zvisinei, muchiitiko ichi zvichaita zvakakunakira kuputsa sandarara mapazi buri. Nokuti ichi isu funga zvokutanga matambudziko Manyiminya, izvo ichatitendera kuona kwete bedzi nharaunda rokutanga Fresnel rokufambira, asi tevera-pamwe anongoitika nhamba.

Basa kuziva kukura mezvindori

Kuti kufungidzira kuti pemvura sandara mugomba iri pakati chiedza tsime (pfungwa C) uye mucherechedzi (pfungwa H). Zviri perpendicular kuti mutsetse CH. CH chidimbu ichipfuura nedumbu buri centre (pfungwa O). Sezvo chinangwa chedu akabatana kuti symmetry, ari Fresnel wenyika vachava muchimiro maringi. A Sarudzo uchaderedzwa kusvikira kutsunga nharaunda pamusoro madenderedzwa izvi ane zvemasanga nhamba (m). The kunonyanyisa ukoshi inonzi nharaunda yacho mapazi. Kuti vagadzirise dambudziko zvakafanira kuita mamwe kuvaka, zvinoti: isarudze zvemasanga pfungwa (A) ari mundege hwomukova uye batanidza zviri ngaatarire mutsetse zvikamu kubva pfungwa pakuongorora uye chiedza kunobva. Zvinoguma netriangle SAN. Zvadaro unogona kuita kuti chiedza chinozunguzirwa kusvika kune Muoni achitevedza nzira SAN, kupfuura hurefu nzira kupfuura munhu achatora nzira CH. Izvi zvinoreva kuti nzira musiyano CA + AN-CH rinorondedzera musiyano pakati chinozunguzirwa maitikiro Apfuura kubva yechipiri zvinyorwa (A uye D) panguva rucherechedzo pfungwa. Kubva ukoshi ichi zvinoenderana nomuuyo chipingaidzo mafungu pamwe nzvimbo yokuongorora, uye nokudaro chiedza kuchinyanya panguva iyoyo.

Kukarukureta wokutanga nharaunda

Tinoona kuti kana nzira musiyano akaenzana hafu chiedza wavelength (λ / 2), chiedza kuuya Muoni mu antiphase. Zvinogona vakagumisa kuti kana nzira musiyano achava zvishoma pane λ / 2, chiedza achauya chete chokutambudzika. Ichi chirwere CA + AN-SN≤ λ / 2, nokuda tsanangudzo, mamiriro ezvinhu kuti pfungwa A iri mu kuchindori chokutanga, i.e. ndicho chokutanga Fresnel wongoramba. Panyaya iyi, muganhu denderedzwa nzira musiyano akaenzana hafu wavelength wechiedza. Nokudaro mukana wokuti vanhu vanga ichi kuona nharaunda rokutanga vematunhu, runotaurwa P _1. Kana nzira musiyano inoenderana λ / 2, zvichava akaenzana chidimbu OA. Pakadaro, kana madaro kusapfuudza substantially CO buri dhayamita (yemanyorero vaiona chete embodiments vakadaro), kuti zvinhu zviri geometric nharaunda wokutanga mapazi chinorondedzerwa nenzira mutoo: P ₁ = √ (λ * CO + OH) / (CO + OH).

Kukarukureta of nharaunda yose Fresnel mapazi

Formula nokuti Pakusarudza tsika yacho radii pakati nekutambira zvindori akafanana inokurukurwa kumusoro, chete akawedzera kuti numerator panhamba zvinodiwa mapazi. Kana zvakadaro wakaenzana nzira musiyano anova: CA AN-SN≤ + M * λ / 2 kana CA + AH-CO-ON≤ M * λ / 2. Zvinoreva kuti nharaunda yacho aida nzvimbo ine nhamba "M" inorondedzera mutoo: P _M = √ (m * λ * CO + OH) / (CO + OH) = ₁ P √m

Akapedzisa zvenguva zvabuda

Zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti nekuda pakumedura mapazi - kuparadzana dzisiri chiedza kunobva kuna simba rinopiwa ane nzvimbo chete, sezvo _M n = π * R ² _M - π * R ² _M-1 = π * ₁ P ² = P _1. Chiedza kubva dzakavakidzana Fresnel munyika dzine anouya wakatarisana chokutambudzika, nokuti nzira musiyano pakati pedyo zvindori kubudikidza tsanangudzo kuva akaenzana hafu wavelength wechiedza. Generalizing mugumisiro ichi, isu kugumisa kuti pakumedura mumakomba ari madenderedzwa (yokuti chiedza kubva yakavakidzana anosvika Muoni ane yakamisirwa danho musiyano) Zvaizoreva kutyora rin'i munharaunda iyoyo. Kutaura iri nyore akaratidza nokubatsira dambudziko.

Fresnel mapazi kuti ndege chinozunguzirwa

Funga Kuparara nharaunda kuvhura kupinda wakawondereiko kudai mazuva ose zvindori nzvimbo zvakaenzana. madenderedzwa ava yechipiri matsime chiedza. The amplitude chechiedza chinozunguzirwa vasvika kubva mhete nechimwe kusvika mucherechedzi, anenge chete. Mukuwedzera, danho musiyano kubva pedyo siyana panguva H Ndiyewo chete. Panyaya iyi, iyo amplitudes zvakaoma panguva mucherechedzi kana yebhasera rimwe kunzwisisa ndege chimiro chikamu denderedzwa - chinhu chakakombama. The zvachose amplitude izvozvi - a Chord. Zvino funga kuti kuchinja muitiro summation kuti amplitude pakuparwa yekupindurwa nharaunda wetsime apo kuramba mamwe parameters dambudziko. Pakadaro, kana gomba anovhura imwe chete rwokushanyira nokuda mucherechedzi, muenzaniso achiwedzera mugove inopiwa circumferentially. The amplitude wekupedzisira mhete iri zvayaitenderera paguyo ne necheparutivi π hama kuti chinokosha, kureva. K. The nzira musiyano wokutanga vematunhu, kubudikidza tsanangudzo, akaenzana λ / 2. angled Izvi zvichakurukurwa π kureva amplitude achava hafu sekamufarenzi. Panyaya iyi, Verengai tsika idzi panguva akataurwa nguva iri razero - razero Chord kureba. Kana zvindori matatu achasvinudzwa, ipapo mufananidzo huchamiririra hafu denderedzwa uye zvichingodaro. The amplitude ari mucherechedzi pfungwa chechetere nhamba maringi ndiyo razero. Zvino nyaya kana uchishandisa imwe vasinganzwisisike uwandu madenderedzwa, zvichava akaenzana kunonyanyisa kukosha uye nokureba dhayamita iri kunzwisisa ndege kuti Uyezve amplitudes. The pamusoro zvitarisirwa vari zvakazara nzira akazaruka Fresnel zvikamu.

Muchidimbu pamusoro zvimwe zviitiko

Chimbofunga rova ezvinhu. Dzimwe nguva, kugadzirisa dambudziko rinoti kushandisa fractional anoverengeka Fresnel zvikamu. Panyaya iyi, pasi hafu mhete dzinoziva kota denderedzwa muenzaniso, izvo zvichaita dzinoenderana hafu nzvimbo yokutanga mapazi. Saizvozvowo akaverenga zvimwe fractional ukoshi. Dzimwe nguva mamiriro ezvinhu kunoratidza kuti zvimwe fractional nhamba maringi yakavharwa uye zvikuru akazaruka. Pakadaro, zvachose amplitude dzesango Vector inowanikwa sezvo musiyano pakati amplitudes ari mabasa maviri. Apo zvikamu zvose dzakadziuka, zvino hapana chigumbuso munzira chiedza mafungu, mufananidzo vachatarira sezvinoita zononoka. Zvakaratidza, nekuti kana iwe uvhure vakawanda maringi vanofanira kufunga nedoro kuti anobuda chiedza kunobva kuna mucherechedzi pfungwa uye mirayiridzo yechipiri kunobva. Tinoona kuti chiedza kubva mapazi ane nhamba yakakwirira ane diki amplitude. Center akanzwirwa akamonyoroka riri pakati sekamufarenzi rokutanga uye rechipiri zvindori. Naizvozvo, munda amplitude panyaya apo zvose nzvimbo rinooneka idukusa kaviri pane pachena rimwe dhisiki wokutanga, uye kunyatsoita anosiyana nenguva mana.

Fresnel diffraction chiedza

Ngatitarisei chii chinorehwa ichi izwi. Inonzi Fresnel diffraction ezvinhu, apo nepakaburi anovhura munzvimbo dzakawanda. Kana ticharamba kuvhura yakawanda nezvindori, ipapo nezvechisarudzo ichi inogona kungosiyiwa, kuti rinobva mune rakada kuti geometrical optics. In Kana apo kuburikidza buri inozarurirwa aiona substantially asingasviki imwe vematunhu, ichi anonzi Fraunhofer diffraction. Iye anonzi kugutsikana kana chiedza tsime uye pfungwa yacho mucherechedzi vari nechokure yakakwana kubva mugomba.

Tikaenzanisa nendiro mapazi izvo uye

Kana kuvhara shamisa zvose kana zvose kunyange Fresnel vematunhu, panguva mucherechedzi ndiye chiedza chinozunguzirwa rukuru amplitude. Mumwe chindori zvakaoma ndege anopa hafu denderedzwa. Saka kana akavhurika ari zvinoshamisa munyika dzine, ipapo nhamba zvichaita chete zononoka sezvikamu zviviri madenderedzwa, iyo inobatsira kuti zvinonyatsorehwa amplitude ari "bottom-up". The chipingamupinyi munzira chiedza wave, iyo chete mhando yakazaruka nezvindori, rinonzi ndiro mapazi. Kuwanda chiedza panguva mucherechedzi kakawanda kusapfuudza kusimba chiedza pamusoro ndiro. Izvi imhaka yokuti chiedza sefungu mhete nerimwe yakazaruka iri flagged kuti Muoni zvakafanana chokutambudzika.

Mamiriro ezvinhu ari kuchengetwa pamwe vachifunga chiedza ane izvo. It, kusiyana ndiro, hapana mhete hadzina yakavharwa, uye kunoita chiedza kuyaruka kubudikidza π * (+ 2 π * m) kubva madenderedzwa kuti akavhara ndiro wongoramba. Somugumisiro, mashoko amplitude chechiedza chinozunguzirwa kaviri. Uyezve, kuti izvo anobvisa dzinonzi itirana kutotanga inochinja izvo mukati rin'i chete. It anowedzera zvakaoma ndege wehafu sekamufarenzi nerimwe mapazi ari yakarurama mutsetse chidimbu. Somugumisiro, mashoko amplitude inowedzerawo kubudikidza π nguva, uye rose kunzwisisa ndege zononoka gogorosi kuitika munzvimbo achirurama mutsetse.