Lignin - chii? Lignin hydrolysis. Kushandisa hydrolytic lignin zvivako

Lignin - chii? Havasi vose achakwanisa kupindura mubvunzo uyu, asi tichaedza kunzwisisa. Lignin - imwe fuma iri chikamu chose zvose miriwo Panyika. Uyewo zvinofanira kuva kutaurwa sezvo hunoshatisa zvinoriumba akadai cellulose uye hemicellulose.

Chinangwa chikuru lignin - ndiko kuti ave nechokwadi kuvimbika mudziyo pamadziro, iyo kufambisa mvura ukaparadzawo muviri. Lignin uye cellulose vari pamwe chete muchitokisi masvingo, kuwedzera simba ravo. Havasi miti yose vane zvakafanana mukomboni. Most chacho rinowanikwa Conifers, vanenge 40%, asi mu Deciduous - 25 chete%.

The ehupfumi kuti lignin

Ichi acho ndiwo dzinongoitika polymer rima tsvuku. Hazvina kushanda insoluble mumvura uye zvinoita zvokufembedzwa. Lignin - chii ichocho pamwe nemamiriro pfungwa? A mhinduro yakajeka yomubvunzo uyu hakushandi, nekuti uri nhengo zvinomera siyana, nefuma kungava substantially akasiyana mune mamiriro.

Pamusoro manyowa pamusoro lignin aumbwa vapfumi inotonhorera manyowa, iyo inoita basa rinokosha zvakasikwa. Processing of lignin iri zvakatipoteredza yave hondo mabhakitiriya, notumwe uye zvimwe zvipembenene.

The chikuru mukana uyu acho kuti hazvina zvakakodzera kugadzira kana kuwana. Hongu, zviri anenge zvisingaiti, lignin ari zvakasimba chokuita chirimwa masero, kuti ake chakagadzirwa kuparadzana muitiro wakaoma kunzwisisa.

The lignin, kugadzirwa iro rinoitwa kuti zvevakomana kunze sezvo vanhuwo dongo pulp kugadzira. A vakawanda guru izvozvo wakarasika, asi anowedzera reactivity.

Nzira nevamwe lignin

Muitiro mokusvinwa fuma kubva matanda rinoitwa pamwe zvinangwa zvakasiyana:

• kudzidza zvivako nyaya;
• Pakusarudza uwandu lignin mune miti siyana.

Nzira dzokubudisa mumiririri vanosarudzwa zvichienderana nechinangwa kushandiswa kwayo. Kana uchida basa iri kudzidza, nzira voga vane mudukusa zvaibvira kukanganisa marongerwo uye unhu lignin. Kunyange zvachose pasina nzira dzakadaro kuti aizoita kuti pave kuwana fuma kuchinja.

Pashure kupatsanurwa lignin rine tsvina akawanda:

• extractives pamusoro hydrolysis kupa insoluble yeimwe;
• humification zvibereko shuga;
• trudnogidrolizuemyh musanganiswa polysaccharides.

Kufadza dzakakodzera ezvinhu nokuda voga pakati lignin vaya pasi iyo mukuru yakawanda fuma. Panyaya iyi, iyo lignin inotengwa zvinenge vakasununguka nouipi, uye vakachengeta kurasikirwa ake duku.

Nzira Inonyanya runoonekwa kuva sulfuric acid, asi solyanokislotny kushandiswa ndoda kazhinji nokuda kuzvuzvungudza kushanda ane pfungwa yokushanda acid.

Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana lignin

Kwainyanya kubva lignin ndiyo yekubasa kugadzirwa cellulose. In miti yakasiyana mirayiridzo iyi inogona kushandiswa siyana kugadzirwa michina uye naizvozvo lignin ndawana saizvozvo, ane dzisakarurama unhu uye sezvamunoita.

Ari kugadzirwa muitiro kana alkali sulfate lignin sulphates vakawana panguva kugadzirwa acids - sulfite.

Musiyano pakati kwemarudzi aya mumwe, kwete chete murwiyo asiwo nzira inoraswa. Sulphate lignin iri incinerated, uye sulphite akatumira okuchengetera munzvimbo chaiyo okuchengetera munzvimbo.

On hydrolysis emakambani vari lignin hydrolysis.

Properties hydrolytic lignin

powdery ichi fuma ine arambe achirema pamusoro 1.45 g / cm³. ruvara Its zvichisiyana chiedza tsvukuruka kuti rinoreva zvakasiyana-siyana shava. The lignin kugutsikana mune zvinhu zvakadai Ingasiyana kubva 40 kusvika 80%.

Hydrolytic lignin ane chepfu zvivako uye yakakwirira tichikwanisa adsorption, ichi kwakavakirwa kushandiswa kwayo mune zvokurapa.

Kana iwe mwaya munhu venhumbi kana akaomeswa rinova huni, pangava nengozi kuputika. Dry lignin panguva combustion inongorira yakawanda kupisa Zvaringana. ayo kuvesa tembiricha iri 195 madhigirii uye kuora anotanga ari tembiricha kuti 185 ° C.

Production lignin gadziriro

Lignin kubva huni voga kuti kugamuchira uye mishonga ake zvakasiyana-siyana zveBhaibheri. Funga lignin kupora rwakazara:

• kutsemura huni chip kuti mamiriro, uye mune zvimwe zviitiko, furawa;
• pakurapa doro-toluene muvhenganiswa ndeyokubvisa pakati extractives;
• kushandiswa asidhi catalysts, izvo zvinodzivisa ndima lignin vari soluble ezvinhu.

In kugadzira muitiro, vamwe soluble siyana pamusoro yeimwe, izvo chiito, ndokunatsawo uye yakaomeswa, kwamakadarika upfu.

Kushandisa hydrolytic lignin

Pasinei nokuti fuma zvakaoma chaizvo kuoresa nokuda kwayo zvakaoma hunhu uye kusagadzikana, zvinokwanisika kuti nyora sectors yakasiyana apo lignin inoshandiswa. Pokushandisa fuma une zvinotevera:

• kugadzirwa mafuta briquettes;
• somunhu bhaira huni;
• Kugadzirwa kuderedza nevasori kuti dzimwe simbi nesilicon;
• filler ari mapurasitiki indasitiri;
• Kugadzirwa mafuta gasi;
• kugadzira kubva fetiraiza;
• Kugadzirwa sora;
• sezvo mbishi mashoko kugadzirwa phenol, acetic asidhi;
• Kugadzirwa kusashanda kabhoni;
• somunhu sorbent nokuda pakurapa dzomumaguta uye maindasitiri effluents;
• Kugadzirwa mishonga;
• Kugadzirwa zvidhinha uye zvedongo zvigadzirwa.

Zvikonzero kuwedzera kudiwa lignin

Lignin hydrolysis chinhu chakanakisisa mafuta iyo, pamusoro combustion, unobereka yakawanda simba. Mukuwedzera, yakatsvuka mashoko pagadzirwe ichi simba zvekuvaka hunowanikwa chaizvo uye renewable.

Kwete nyika yedu asi munyika pari kukamura uchishandisa nyaya kungaitwa pane simba zvinyorwa. Kuti aite izvi, pane zvikonzero, ramakagadzwa tinogona kunyora zvinotevera:

1. Natural simba vatakuri - marasha, mafuta uye gasi kudiwa kugadzirwa kwayo kushandisa nzira dzakasiyana siyana mutengo. Izvi hazvigoni asi kukanganisa kuramba vachiwedzera kukosha kwavo.
2. Energy zvinyorwa zviri pari kushandiswa, muri exhaustible zviwanikwa, saka kuchauya nguva apo zvinhu zviri anenge vakashandisa.
3. Kugadzirwa nzira manyuko simba dzinovhurika neHurumende munyika dzakawanda.

Lignin sezvo mafuta

Muna nhasi, zvakawanda uye kakawanda somunhu nzira mafuta akashandiswa lignin. Chii uye sei somunhu?

The fuma iri sawdust ane mwando zviri kusvika 70%, izvo dzinosiyana sezvamunoita zvichienderana yakatsvuka zvinhu. Chimiro chavo zvakafanana zvikuru pamazimbe, iro anewo vakawanda duku pores. The ehupfumi iyi zvinhu kubvumira kuti afumure ayo briquetting uye pelletizing. Kana mukuru-kumanikidza basa iri keke akadaro, izvozvo ichichinja kuita viscous epurasitiki guru.

The pellets yaigadzirwa lignin vakadaro, vane yakakwirira kupisa bongozozo, asi haina kubereka utsi zvikuru. Chinotsva briquettes uye pellets vane yepamusoro zvinhu, kunopisa yakawanda kupisa, uye vanenge vasina chin'ai. Zvinogona vakagumisa kuti lignin chinhu chakanakisisa mbishi mashoko kugadzirwa huni briquettes.

Kushandiswa lignin mu upfu muchimiro

The fuma iri upfu ezvinhu anowana kushandiswa kwayo somunhu chirungiso kweShanduro Asphalt kongiri. Kushandiswa hydrolyzed lignin unokubvumira:

• kuwedzera simba, mvura kurwisa kuramba cracking walnut;
• kuponesa mugwagwa-zvokuvakisa;
• Sezvineiwo uvandudze zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza mamiriro ezvinhu ari munzvimbo inochengeterwa marara;
• adzorere kubereka venyika iyo inoshandiswa pasi mashizha.

Mumugwagwa zvekutepfenyura zvakakwana zvinobatsira kushandisa lignin. ehupfumi ayo vakadaro kuti kunoita kuti yekudyidzana Unganatsiridza chivakwa zvinhu. Uyezve, lignin anopa mukana kutsiva dzinodhura yokuvirisa.

lignin nomukaka

Dérivés of fuma vari lignosulfonates, ayo inoumbwa sulfite nzira huni kugadzira. Lignosulfonates vane yakakwirira basa, vakwanise kuwana chikumbiro chavo mumaindasitiri siyana:

• mafuta indasitiri (akagadziridzwa ehupfumi kuti kuchera muds) ;
• Foundry (kuita somunhu bhainda ari wemisanganiswa);
• kugadzirwa kongiri;
• kuvaka indasitiri (sezvo emulsifiers ari emulsions enzira);
• mbishi zvinhu achigadzirira vanillin;
• kurima (Tillage kudzivirira kukurwa kwevhu).

Sulphate lignin ane matunhu arambe achirema, uye makemikari kuramba. In yakaoma Hurumende - a black upfu iyo urwa vari amoniya, alkali, ethylene glycol, dioxins.

The sulphate lignin haasi chepfu, kwete ngozi uye sprayed kubva nemaonero omoto njodzi. Rinoshandiswa:

• somunhu plasticizer iri zvaAtemisi zvedongo nyaya, concrete;
• sezvo mbishi mashoko pagadzirwe mapurasitiki uye phenol-formaldehyde Inogadzirwa nemasiridzi anobuda mumiti;
• somunhu link anogadzira zvinhu paperboard, bepa nehuni anotsanangura zvinhu;
• somunhu chirungiso ari zvaAtemisi rabha uye latex.

Zvino inojeka sei zvikuru kushandiswa lignin. Chii zvino hapana haakonzeri matambudziko, kubva nokuda kwayo unhu fuma iri chaizvo kudiwa munyika yanhasi.

Medicines kwakavakirwa lignin

Sezvataona, kushandisa hydrolyzed lignin uye zvichida mune zvokurapa. Unogona kunyora zvinotevera zvinodhaka anoritsanangura:

• "Lignosorb" kunoratidzwa nokuda zvirwere nemudumbu, zvokudya chepfu;
• "Polifan" ane chete dzokurumbidza pamusoro kushanda;
• "Polyphepan" anozorodza kuti manyoka uye dysbacteriosis;
• "Filtrum-renjovhera";
• "Entegnin".

Kushandiswa "Polyphepan"

Chimwe zita iri gadziriro - lignin hydrolysis. It anogadzirwa muchimiro granules, suspensions, Nezvakakuyiwa, uye mapiritsi. Mishonga mushonga, inobva lignin. Mirayiridzo application rinoti kuti mushonga zvakanaka inokwanisa tichisunga zvigare uye dzavo metabolic zvigadzirwa.

Uyezve, pasi Zvakaitwa zvinodhaka detoxified zvine chepfu dzakasiyana hunhu: inorema nesimbi, radioactive isotopes, amoniya. Lignin anotakura hydrolytic detoxification kuti muviri, uyewo kupa antioxidant uye lipid-richikwidibira kushanda.

Heino refu mazita kubudirira kuri lignin! Kuraira kunoratidza kuti kutora zvinodhaka uku, unogona nekure kushayikwa pamusoro Mishonga faibha ari ura, izvo zviri kuitika mu nedanho kugaya, normalize microflora uye kuvandudza kutapata.

Zvairatidza kuti kubvuma "Polyphepan" ndiwo:

• chirwere kana chenjera gastrointestinal chirwere;
• poizeni;
• manyoka;
• nemavhairasi chiropa;
• korera;
• intestinal dysbiosis;
• salmonellosis;
• colitis;
• neutachiona;
• kusagadzikana mafuta muviri mumuviri;
• kupora nguva pashure mishonga kana mwaranzi;
• gynecological matambudziko: candidiasis, vaginosis.

A panzvimbo yakakura mazita zviratidzo ane mushonga zvakadaro, sezvo lignin. Instructions anotiwo vamwe contraindications:

• Hypersensitivity kuti zvinodhaka;
• chisingaperi kupatira;
• gastritis;
• cheshuga.

Panguva kugamuchirwa lignin nemishonga kunogona kuitika: ane sema maitiro kana kupatira.

Nzira kushandisa mishonga uye ayo chipimo chemushonga zvinoiswa chiremba zvichienderana kuoma nechirwere uye ezvinhu. Yemanyorero ushandiswe yaunodya pakati lignin muvhiki, asi zvimwe zvinetso nguva yokurapa zvinogona yakawedzera kusvika mwedzi.

Ecology uye lignin

fuma iyi inogadzirwa yakawanda vari pulp kugadzira. Zvinonzi kuputirwa yemamota huru, iyo pave kusvibiswa. Uyezve, pane zviitiko vaingoerekana combustion kuti lignin.

To musi, chiri nyaya yamarudzi kushandiswa sezvo huni, sezvo namarudzi combustion yakawanda tsvina, izvo kukuvadza nechisikirwo. Lignin anowana kushandisirwa mumaindasitiri dzakawanda, saka pakutanga zvose zvakakosha kugadzirisa dambudziko zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza kuchengeteka kwezvakatipoteredza.